Sedimentation Prototype Final Report

Introduction

The AguaClara project continues to improve its plants design by setting goals for cheaper more robust and efficient technologies. One goal includes building a smaller more efficient plant that is no more than one meter high. This goal would require sedimentation to occur in over much more shallow depth than in the previous plants. The purpose of this experiment was produce significantly low turbidity water with a limited area of active lamella. The important design parameters for decreasing space over which the particles settle in the sedimentation tank were examined throughout the experiments. Circular straws, varying in diameter were used as the settling media. Determining the feasibility of using this type of geometry in the sedimentation tanks was also a focus of this project.

Methods

The set-up and method is similar to the CEE 453 project from Spring 2008.

Schematic

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Schematic of Apparatus Setup

As seen in the above schematic, a lab bench scale sedimentation and flocculator set-up was assembled for the experiment. The raw water, kaolin clay mixed with tap water, was mixed with a aluminum sulfate at dosage of 45 mg/L. This water was then pumped into the tube flocculator. The end of the flocculator flows into the sedimentation tank at a flow rate of 272 mL/min. The tube enters the from the top of the sedimentation tanks, passes through the straws to the bottom of the sedimentation tank, allowing the water to flow upward uniformly. The outlet above the straws draws the "clean water" out of the tank and into a turbidity meter.

Design Parameters

The table above contains information in regards to the tube flocculator inner diameters (d), velocity gradients (G), residence times (Ѳ), flow rates (Q), and other important parameters used in the old and new apparatus setups for the sedimentation prototype. For both setups an Alum dosage of 45 mg/L was used. Additionally, parameter values were based on a flocculator length of 10 meters and a sedimentation tank angle of 60 degrees. It is important to note that the value for the velocity gradient G must be 5000/s at minimum for AguaClara plants and in both setups the G calculated is above 5000. Also, the V_up values for both setups do not exceed the 70 m/day maximum for AguaClara plants.

Initial Apparatus Setup

The initial apparatus set up was run by Process Controller which had functions set in place for when the system would turn on, off, or drain. It also included a pressure sensor that would control the flow rate of the system. It was found that the pressure sensor was unreliable and sensitive to changes in the environment. Additionally, the flocculator for this setup led to a high velocity gradient (G) of 129.1/s, which is much higher than the desired G of 20 /s. This led to the formation of very small flocs.

New Apparatus Setup

In the New Apparatus Setup the diameter of the flocculator was increased. This allowed for an increase in floc size and a significantly lower velocity gradient (G) of 35.7/s. Ideally, a G around 20/s is wanted, however, such a velocity gradient may have caused other important parameters to be too low. Additionally, the flow control system was changed to utilize a peristaltic pump allowing for a more stable system.

Equations

The following equations were used to determine critical settling velocity of each straws type, the velocity gradient of the flocculator, and the residence time of the flocculator.
Critical Settling Velocity
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Velocity Gradient
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Residence Time
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Length and Diameter Values

In regards to the length and diameter values, the table above shows a wide spread of L/D values. The no straws situation uses the measurements of the sedimentation tank. Additionally, in the case of the type 3 straw situation, the length of the 3mm diameter straws were significantly smaller than the other straws. To solve this issue, two packets of straws were used in the sedimentation tank so that the length for the 3mm straws could be doubled.

Critical Settling Velocity Values

Critical settling velocities demonstrate the shortest amount of time it takes for a particle to settle out. The V_c values above show how long it takes for particles to settle out in each straw setup situation. In comparison to the AguaClara plants which have a maximum critical velocity of 10 m/day, only the no straws situation exceeds this value.

Straw Bundles

For the initial straw setup, each straw bundle used one 12mm straw a tube for the inlet tube of the flocculator to pass through. However, when the straw set up changed, the outer diameter of the flocculator exceeded 12mm. Therefore, a 9/16ths inch inner diameter tube was ordered to accommodate the 1/2 inch outer diameter tube used in the new straw setup.

Results & Discussion

Matrix of Experiments

As shown by the table above, 8 experiments total were planned, however the tests on the type 3 straws have not yet been completed.

Experiment Obstacles

Experimental Trials

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Conclusions

From the limited available data it can be determined that straws perform significantly better than the settling column tube. There is a slight trend of lowering turbidities as the critical velocities of the system decreasing, which was expected. The combination of the floc blanket and lower Vc values seem to produce the most favorables results of lower effluent turbidity readings. Due the problems with maintaining floc blankets, more testing should be done to determine the effectiveness of the floc blankets.

The clogging of the straws indicates better removal of particles from the water. The particles are being removed from the water despite the higher turbidity readings. This may be due to the significantly lower critical velocities found in the smaller straws. The effluent turbidities in all of the experiments, however, were unfavorable. Improving the flocculator and the overall experimental setup may help to produce lower effluent turbidities.

Future Work

In terms of the immediate future (the last few weeks of summer), testing will continue on the type 3 straws. One of the major improvements to the experimental set will be the improvement of flocculation by lengthening flocculator, thus increasing GѲ. Another improvement to the flocculation will be increasing the number of changes in flow within the flocculation, hopefully creating my collision of particles and increasing floc size. To solve the problem of the straws clogging a lower alum dosage of around 25 mg/L will be used instead of the 45 mg/L. Additional tests will be conducted without the use of a floc blanket, due to difficulties with maintaining a stable floc blanket in the previous tests. Future work may include the use of floc blankets since they do contribute to lower effluent turbidity values.

It may be beneficial to examine the head lose through the straws given laminar flow. The Hagen-Poiseuille equation can be used to find the head loss.

To determine the feasibility of implementing these changes in the sedimentation tanks in Honduras, research must be done on the availability of materials with similar geometry. This material could be purchased and tested in the pilot plant set up at the Cornell Water Treatment Plant.