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{include: Tensile Bar - Panel}
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h1. Numerical Results

Before we explore the ANSYS results, let's take a peek at the mesh.

h3. Mesh

Click on {color:purple}{*}{_}Mesh{_}{*}{color} (above {color:purple}{*}{_}Solution{_}{*}{color}) in the tree outline. This shows the mesh used to generate the ANSYS solution. The domain is a rectangle. This domain is discretized into a number of small "elements". Recall that ANSYS solves the BVP and calculates the displacements at the nodes. A finer mesh is used near the left and right ends where we expect greater stress concentration. We have checked that the solution presented  to you is reasonably independent of the mesh.

\\  !mesh.png!\\

h3. Units

Set the units for the results display by selecting {color:#990099}{*}{_}Units > Metric (mm, kg, N, s, mV, mA)_{*}{color}. The displacements will be reported in _mm_ and the stresses in _N/mm2_ which is equivalent to _MPa_.

!units.png|border=1!

h3. Displacement

To view the deformed structure, click on {color:purple}{*}{_}Solution > Displacement{_}{*}{color} in the tree outline. The black rectangle shows the undeformed structure. The deformed structure is colored by the magnitude of the displacement. The displayed displacement distribution is calculated by interpolating the nodal displacements. Red areas have deformed more and blue areas less. You can see that the left end has not moved as specified in the problem statement. This means this boundary condition has been applied correctly. The displacement increases from left to right as we intuitively expect. There is also not much variation in the y-direction. So we can conclude that the model has been constrained properly.

Note the extremely high deformation near the point load. This extremum is unrealistic and should be ignored (there are no point loads in reality).

!tut1 displacement.png!

To view the Poisson effect (shrinking in the y direction), zoom into the top-rightright corner by drawing a rectangle around the region with the _right_ mouse button.

!zoom_corner.png|border=1!

You can do this multiple times to zoom in more. You do indeed see the shrinking in the y-direction as expected but it is small for this model.

!poisson_effect.png|border=1!

You can restore the front view of the entire model by right-clicking in the background and choosing {color:purple}{*}{_}View > Front{_}{*}{color}.

!front_view.png|border=1!

Note that you can zoom in and out using the middle mouse wheel. You can translate the model by clicking on the _Pan_ button and dragging the model with the left mouse button. There are also a bunch of zoom options next to the _Pan_ button.

!pan.png|border=1!

h3. sigma_x

Next, let's take aIn the following video, we look at the stress components starting with sigma_x. Click on {color:purple}{*}{_}Solution > sigma_x{_}{*}{color} distribution in the tree outline. The stress is uniform away from the ends. To check what the value is in the uniform region, click on Probe in the toolbar (see snapshot below)interior and at the topboundaries and movecompare the cursor on the structure; ProbeANSYS values in the middle as well as at the ends. You may need to translate the modelvalues to the right to seeexpected from the probeanalytical valuessolution nearand thetraction leftboundary endconditions.
 
\\  !tensile_bar_probe.png|border=1!\\


The value of sigma_x away from the ends is nearly 200 MPa (the unit is indicated above the plot). This matches with the P/A value expected from the [Pre-Analysis step|Tensile Bar - Pre-analysis and Start-up].

\\  !sigma_x.png|border=1!\\

In the sigma_x plot, we see that there is deviation from the analytical value in two regions:
* Around the point load (again the extremely high values very close to the point load are unrealistic).
* At the fixed end.

The analytical solution is inaccurate in these regions since the 1D assumption breaks down. In fact,
{widget:url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBNFUYrsWMw|width=600|height=370}
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In the video, we saw that ANSYS's values for sigma_x matches with:
* The analytical solution in the interior (away from the left and right boundaries)
* Traction boundary condition on sigma_x at the right boundary
Note that sigma_x at the location of the point load is infinite. So as the mesh is refined further, thesigma_x stress at the point load will approach infinity.
\\get larger and larger without bound.

h3. sigma_y

Next, let's take a look at sigma_y. Click on {color:purple}{*}{_}Solution > sigma_y{_}{*}{color} in the tree outline. Again, probe values in the middle as well as at the ends. Check that: 
* The value away from the boundaries is close to zero as expected from the analytical solution. It is not exactly zero because of round-off errors. 
* The value at the top and bottom boundaries are close to zero. This agrees with the boundary condition at these boundaries since the traction has to be zero at these free boundaries. In other words, the normal component of the traction acting on these surfaces is {_}sigma_y{_} and that has to be zero since the traction on these free surfaces is zero.
* There is significant deviation from the analytical solution at both ends. The analytical solution breaks down at these ends because of the additional assumptions that we made. Note that there are areas where sigma_y is negative i.e. compressive. 

\\  !sigma_y.png!\\

h3. tau_xy

We expect tau_xy to be zero away from the ends. Near the ends, since sigma_x and sigma_y are non-zero, we expect
\\
{latex}
\[
\tau_{xy} = \tau_{xy}(x,y)
\]
{latex}


Plot tau_xy, look at the range of values and use Probe to check actual values. Are the above statements valid?

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 !tau_yx.png!

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h3. Equivalent Stress (Von Mises):

The Equivalent or Von Mises stress is used to predict yielding of the material. We can consider the maximum and minimum equivalent stresses as the critical design points. We can see that the analytical solution under-predicts the maximum equivalent stress. Thus, one would need to use a large factor of safety if using the analytical result while designing such a structure. One would use a factor of safety with the FEA result also but it does not have to be as large.

\\  !von mises.png!\\
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