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Reynolds Number
The Reynolds Number is used as an input and constraint for different design programs. This characterizes the flow and determines what equations can be used for different elements of the plant design.
The Reynolds Number can be calculated based on different known variables. The pipe transition used for plant design is 2100, which is the point flow goes from laminar to turbulent. The different equations were calculated based on the fundamental equation, as follows:

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Friction Coefficient
The friction coefficient is used to determine losses associated with the tube. Two equations are used to depending on whether the fluid is turbulent or laminar (greater than the transition flow or less than).
For turbulent flow:

For laminar flow:

Head Loss
Head loss is calculated for major losses and minor losses.
Major losses are calculated based on the flow rate and the pipe dimensions. The major losses are caused primarily by shear in the pipes.

Minor losses caused by flow expansions are calculated similarly as major losses, except length is not a factor and minor loss coefficient is used. The minor loss coefficient is entered in the User Inputs.

Total head loss is used in some equations. It is simply the sum of major and minor losses, and is denoted as h.l.
Head loss is also calculated independent of the velocity head. This is used in the

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