h1. Plate Settler Spacing
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h4. Overview
Plate Settler Spacing research is focused on developing a more thorough understanding and optimizing the lamellar sedimentation process of AguaClara plants. Currently the plants use lamella, which are a network of stacked, sloped plates with narrow channels between them. These are used to provide more surface area for particles to settle out, thereby significantly decreasing the sedimentation tank plan area. As water flows up through these channels, coagulated dirt particles are caught by the plates and fall down into the sedimentation tank. In the lab the Plate Settler Spacing Team (PSS) uses tube settlers to simulate the effects of lamella, where different tube diameters represent different spacing between the plates. The performance of these two technologies are comparable after adjusting for geometric differences, and results from bench-scale experiments can be applied to plate settlers. The team is focusing on a failure mechanism called floc roll-up, where high velocity gradients near the wall (present in small diameter tubes or at close plate spacings) overcome the floc particles' settling velocity causing flocs that would otherwise be captured to roll up into the effluent. Velocity Gradient theory (detailed in the [PSS Fall 2010 Velocity Gradients Experiments|PSS Fall 2010 Velocity Gradients Experiment]) dictates that performance deterioration due to floc roll-up will be more significant for tube settlers than for plate settlers, given that the tube diameter equals the plate spacing. This is due to the geometric differences between tubes and plates, so using tube settlers for the bench-scale system represents the worst case scenario for failure.
Since we are unable to control the turbidity level of the influent water entering the AguaClara plants, there is a significant interest quantifying plate settler performance over a wide range of field conditions. Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) is a measure of solution's turbidity based upon how much that solution scatters light. On the laboratory scale, the team has produced finished water that meets the US drinking water standard of 0.3 NTU. Laboratory conditions, however, are an idealization of field conditions and may not completely be representative of field performance. The team's research thus far has used an influent solution of pure clay; however, the existence of natural organic matter in rivers and streams may result in worse plate settler performance. The PSS team's objective is to optimize the lamella design in order to achieve 1 NTU finished water or less, even under water chemistry fluctuations. If filtration technology proves feasible in the field, this would also ease the loading on the downstream filter. Some of the fundamental parameters which control the design of our experiments are plate spacing, capture velocity, and the formation of velocity gradients between the plates.
h4. Current Team Research Focus: Velocity Gradients
Past research has illuminated the importance of flow regime characteristics on the performance of tube settlers. Specifically, when velocity gradients in the tube become too large (at small diameters), flocs at the bottom wall of the tube experience an upward force greater than the gravity pulling them down the plate. This causes flocs to roll up the side of the wall and exit with the finished water. The result of this phenomenon may vary from marginal increases in effluent turbidity to dramatic failure with turbidities closer to the system influent, depending on the magnitude of the velocity gradient in the tube. Current research focuses on using a bench scale system to validate the theoretical velocity gradient model developed last spring.
A schematic of the system used for measuring the performances of different tube sizes is given in Figure 1. The sequence of events for a typical experiment is as follows:
* The concentrated clay (10g/L) is diluted into the turbid water source until it reaches 100 NTU.
* The system switches to a floc blanket formation state, adding alum before mixing and flocculation. Prior experimental data indicated that an alum dose of 45 mg/L was optimal for 100 NTU influent.
* After the floc blanket forms, the system enters a loading state where tube settler effluent is sent to a reservoir (installed to prevent settling in turbidimeters that happens at around 50 mL/min for suspended clay particles). The reservoir delivers finished water to the turbidimeters at greater than 50 mL/min during a withdrawal state. As a consequence data collection for tube settlers is cyclical. The clarified effluent zone above the floc blanket is sampled so the tube settler effluent can be assessed relative to the tube settler influent. !SchematicExpFall2010.png|align=center!
Figure 1 - Schematic of the experimental design for testing different tube sizes with 10m/day capture velocity.
h2. Experimental Methods & Results
h3. Fall 2010
h5. [PSS Fall 2010 Velocity Gradients Experiments|PSS Fall 2010 Velocity Gradients Experiment]
This semester's research focused on testing the failure prediction of the velocity gradient model developed over the previous semesters for various sets of tubes diameters at upflow velocities of 0.86, 1.73, and 4.32 mm/s.
To isolate the effects of the velocity gradients from the effects of capture velocity, we chose set a constant capture velocity of 0.1 mm/s for all tube settlers. To meet these requirements, the tube settlers were designed without a constant length to diameter (L/D) ratio, which is a plate settler conventional design. The L/D ratio is found by taking the length of a plate and dividing by the spacing between plates or in the case of tube settlers, the diameter. The design approach taken by the team was deemed acceptable because the research aims to propose improved plate settler design parameters (capture velocity and velocity gradient) over conventional parameters like L/D.
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h5. [PSS Dynamics Model|PSS Dynamics Model page]
The team realized that the failure criterion of the original floc roll up model developed in the Spring 2010 was not conveying information about the magnitude of a failure. The team therefore decided to build a numerical model that would simulate particles trajectories and account for more interactions that could lead to failure. The page gives the current code as well as some explanations about the algorithms and the underlying hypothesis.
h3. Spring 2010
h5. [Exploring the Effects of Velocity Gradients on Settler Performance|PSS Spring 2010 Velocity Gradients Experiment]
This experiment attemptspage details the approach taken to differentiate the effects of velocity gradients from capture velocity for different tube diameter and lengths. This approach proved successful and subsequent experiments are based on these calculations
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h5. [Exploring the Coupled Effects of Capture Velocity and Velocity Gradient on Settler Performance|PSS Spring 2010 Coupling Analysis Experiment]
This page details the initial approach taken by the team to design an experiment attempts to hold that would test floc roll-up. The team held the geometric similarity inbetween tubes of different diameters in order to explore changes in residual turbidity caused by the capture velocity and velocity gradient.
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[Subteam Semester Goals and Future Challenges|Plate Settler Spacing Goals]
[Weekly Subteam Progress|Plate Settler Spacing Meeting Minutes].
h3. [Previous Semester Research|PSS Summer 2008 to Fall 2009]
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h2. Additional Information
[Appendix - Fall 2010 - Useful Equations, definitions and some values for calculating the Pi-ratio|^WikiAppendix-Definitions_Equations_somevalues.pdf]
[Spring 2010 Team Presentations|PSS Presentations]
[Annotated Bibliography of Relevant Literature|PSS Bibliograhpy]
[Processor Controller Information|PSS Process Controller and Data Analysis]
[PSS Quiz for New Members |PSS Quiz]
[Fall 2008 Photo Gallery|Photo Gallery]
[PSS Apparatus Design] | 