h1. Floating Flocs
h2. Overview
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Floating flocs in the sedimentation tanks of AguaClara plants in Tamara, Ojojona, and Marcala result in polluted effluent water. While some treatment plants use floating floc to treat water, AguaClara plants rely on flocs settling out at the bottom. One cause of the problem is thought to be bubbles forming on floc particles due to supersaturation of influent water, which occurs when the total dissolved gas pressure is greater than the local solution pressure. The goal of the Floating Floc team is to find an efficient and cost-effective approach to remove excess gas from water and to implement that method in current and future AguaClara plants to improve the sedimentation process.
Currently, the Floating Floc team is conducting research with a backwash sand filter to remove excess gas from the water in the grit chamber before it reaches the sedimentation tank. This method of dissolved gas removal involves running supersaturated water upward through a suspended bed of sand. The sand particles provide an alternate surface area to which the gas molecules can adhere and accumulate to form bubbles that are large enough to rise to the surface, thereby reducing the dissolved gas concentration in the water. The process is illustrated in [Figure 1|Idea Illustration] below. To test this method, we constructed an [experimental setup|Floating Flocs Summer 2009 Set-up] that would simulate a sand filter in a small portion of the grit chamber.
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h5. Figure 1: Dissolved gas removal process through a fluidized sand bed
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The main objective of current floating floc research is to quantify the effects of sand grain size, bed depth, bed expansion, and influent dissolved gas concentration on gas removal and to find the optimal sand filter conditions for gas removal. While the influent dissolved gas concentration is not a parameter directly related to the sand filter itself, natural bodies of water will vary in dissolved gas concentration throughout the year, so we would like to observe the effects of varying dissolved gas concentration in the influent water through the filter. Concerning the actual filter parameters, we have found that smaller sand grain sizes are more effective at gas removal but that small grain sizes are also susceptible to lift by the buoyancy force of the bubbles. While sand grains that are lifted up in the experimental setup are prevented from leaving the column, this lift problem may cause significant sand loss in actual plants.
If the backwash sand filter method proves to be effective, it could be implemented in AguaClara plants as a layer of sand in the grit chamber. Water would enter the grit chamber from below and flow upward through the sand, as modeled in our experiments. As represented in [Figure 1|Idea Illustration], dissolved gases in the incoming water will attach to the sand particles to form bubbles inside the suspended sand layer that will float out of the water.
Floating Flocs Team [Semester Goals|Floating Floc Goals] and [Meeting Minutes|Floating Floc Meeting Minutes]
Floating Flocs Team [Research Proposal|Floating Floc Research Proposal]
Floating Flocs Team [Future Challenges|Floating Floc Summer 2009 Challenges]
h2. Experimental Methods and Results
* [Preliminary Summer Results] This page details the procedure followed and the results obtained from an experiment performed to ensure Spring 2009 sand bed depth results are replicable with the new system and aerator.
* [Fluidized Bed after Super Saturator] These are the results obtained using a pressurized aerator to super saturate the incoming water. The performance of the fluidized bed was monitored with a bubble collector. Although this technique shows great promise, the extent of supersaturation of the raw water was not necessarily held constant for the various experiments especially since the flow rates through the super saturator varied.
* [Bubble Volume Measurement Method Development]. These are the results gained from the second stage of our experimental setup, which included no DO probes and instead collected the volume of the bubbles formed in the filter in order to monitor oxygen removal rates.
* [Fluidized Bed and Dissolved Oxygen Measurements]. These are the results gained from our initial experimental setup, which consisted of the flow accumulator with a DO probe, the glass filter column, and a collection beaker containing another DO probe.
h2. Previous Research
[Floating Flocs Aeration Method|Floating Floc Aeration Method]
* This page discusses past research on the aeration approach to dissolved oxygen removal. The aeration approach attempted to use bubbles as a catalyst to increase the rate of dissolved oxygen transfer out of solution by allowing dissolved oxygen to diffuse into the bubbles. This would increase the bubble size and cause the bubble to rise faster.
[Theoretical Modeling of Aeration Method|Theoretical Modeling of Aeration Method]
* This page discusses the theory behind the Aeration method and contains mathematical models predicting air flow through orifices of different sizes and variable length pipes.
h2. Additional Information
Floating Flocs Team [Annotated Bibliography|Floating Floc Annotated Bibliography]
[Aeration Method Quiz|Floating Floc Aeration Method Quiz]
This quiz checks that you have a basic understanding of the principles behind the aeration method.
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