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{composition-setup}
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{composition-setup}
h2. |
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{toggle-cloak:id=Abstract} |
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Abstract {cloak:id=Abstract} |
Enter
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Text
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here
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{cloak} |
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{toggle-cloak:id=Introduction} |
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Introduction {cloak:id=Introduction} |
A
...
clay
...
suspension
...
is
...
used
...
to
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feed
...
the
...
turbid
...
water
...
to
...
the
...
flocculator.
...
During
...
the
...
summer
...
2007,
...
the
...
flocculator
...
group
...
used
...
a
...
stock
...
suspension
...
of
...
3,000
...
NTU.
...
We
...
wanted
...
to
...
reproduce
...
the
...
stock
...
suspension
...
of
...
3,000
...
NTU
...
but
...
needed
...
to
...
determine
...
what
...
turbidity
...
would
...
be
...
produced
...
from
...
a
...
given
...
suspension
...
of
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kaolin
...
clay.
...
The
...
influent
...
turbidity
...
is
...
user
...
defined
...
in
...
Process
...
Controller,
...
and
...
the
...
program
...
will
...
dictate
...
the
...
flow
...
rate
...
of
...
the
...
clay
...
suspension
...
into
...
the
...
setup
...
in
...
order
...
to
...
achieve
...
the
...
influent
...
turbidity.
...
Arbitrarily
...
adding
...
clay
...
to
...
reach
...
a
...
certain
...
turbidity
...
is
...
ineffective
...
and
...
wastes
...
time.
...
Past
...
research
...
did
...
not
...
include
...
any
...
relationship
...
between
...
the
...
amount
...
of
...
clay
...
added
...
and
...
the
...
respective
...
final
...
turbidity
...
of
...
the
...
stock
...
solution.
...
We
...
designed
...
a
...
simple
...
experiment
...
to
...
determine
...
what
...
amount
...
of
...
kaolin
...
clay
...
should
...
be
...
added
...
per
...
liter
...
to
...
create
...
a
...
desired
...
turbidity.
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{toggle-cloak:id=Methods} |
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Methods {cloak:id=Methods} |
The
...
experiment
...
ran
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by
...
adding
...
different
...
amounts
...
of
...
kaolin
...
clay
...
(50
...
mg,
...
100
...
mg,
...
250
...
mg,
...
500
...
mg,
...
and
...
1000
...
mg)
...
to
...
1
...
L
...
of
...
water
...
and
...
measuring
...
the
...
turbidity
...
of
...
the
...
mixture
...
with
...
the
...
Hach
...
2100
...
N
...
table
...
turbidimeter.
...
The
...
amount
...
of
...
clay
...
was
...
weighed
...
on
...
an
...
electric
...
scale.
...
The
...
solution
...
was
...
hand
...
mixed
...
for
...
several
...
minutes
...
before
...
pouring
...
into
...
the
...
glass
...
cuvette
...
tubes.
...
The
...
cuvette
...
tubes
...
were
...
wiped
...
with
...
Kim
...
wipes
...
before
...
being
...
placed
...
in
...
the
...
turbidimeter.
...
Since
...
the
...
meter
...
could
...
not
...
adequately
...
read
...
turbidity
...
readings
...
above
...
200
...
NTU,
...
we
...
only
...
tested
...
up
...
to
...
this
...
maximum
...
turbidity
...
value
...
and
...
calculated
...
a
...
regression
...
curve
...
based
...
on
...
the
...
sampled
...
data
...
points
...
using
...
Microsoft
...
Excel.
...
After
...
the
...
relationship
...
was
...
determined,
...
a
...
new
...
stock
...
concentration
...
of
...
3,000
...
NTU
...
was
...
made
...
using
...
this
...
regression
...
formula.
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{toggle-cloak:id=Results} |
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Results {cloak:id=Results} |
As
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mentioned
...
in
...
the
...
procedure
...
section,
...
we
...
measured
...
the
...
turbidity
...
of
...
several
...
clay-water
...
mixtures
...
in
...
an
...
effort
...
to
...
determine
...
the
...
relationship
...
between
...
concentration
...
of
...
clay
...
and
...
NTU.
...
The
...
linear
...
regression
...
formula
...
derived
...
from
...
the
...
5
...
data
...
points
...
(Figure 1) we
...
measured
...
suggested
...
that
...
at
...
a
...
clay
...
concentration
...
of
...
1.117
...
g/L
...
was
...
needed
...
to
...
create
...
a
...
solution
...
of
...
3000
...
NTU.
...
We
...
cleaned
...
out
...
the
...
vial
...
in
...
the
...
influent
...
turbidimeter
...
and
...
input
...
into
...
Process
...
Controller
...
3000
...
NTU
...
as
...
the
...
value
...
for
...
the
...
stock
...
concentration.
...
We
...
programmed
...
100
...
NTU
...
as
...
the
...
desired
...
influent
...
turbidity
...
into
...
the
...
flocculator
...
and
...
ran
...
the
...
"3-New
...
Flow
...
and
...
Sample"
...
state
...
to
...
test
...
whether
...
we
...
had
...
indeed
...
created
...
a
...
3000
...
NTU
...
stock.
...
After
...
some
...
initial
...
fluctuations,
...
the
...
steady
...
state
...
turbidity
...
achieved
...
was
...
around
...
40
...
NTU.
...
Our
...
expected
...
value
...
was
...
100
...
NTU.
...
This
...
discrepancy
...
may
...
have
...
been
...
caused
...
either
...
by
...
the
...
fact
...
that
...
our
...
clay
...
solution
...
was
...
actually
...
less
...
turbid
...
that
...
our
...
calculations
...
had
...
indicated,
...
or
...
that
...
the
...
program
...
incorrectly
...
calculated
...
the
...
dilution.
...
This
...
problem
...
did
...
not
...
effect
...
our
...
experiment,
...
however,
...
as
...
we
...
corrected
...
the
...
turbidity
...
error
...
by
...
applying
...
the
...
below
...
equation
...
to
...
the
...
observed
...
turbidity
...
readings.
...
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Figure 1: Relationship between amount of clay added (mg/L) and the resulting turbidity (NTU) of the clay stock solution.
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{toggle-cloak:id=Discussion} |
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Discussion {cloak:id=Discussion} |
This
...
experiment
...
was
...
soley
...
to
...
obtain
...
a
...
linear
...
regression
...
relationship
...
between
...
the
...
amount
...
of
...
clay
...
added
...
by
...
mass
...
and
...
the
...
resulting
...
turbidity
...
in
...
a
...
1
...
L
...
solution.
...
This
...
relationship
...
and
...
equation
...
will
...
be
...
used
...
in
...
future
...
experiments
...
in
...
order
...
to
...
determine
...
the
...
amount
...
of
...
clay
...
to
...
be
...
added
...
in
...
order
...
to
...
achieve
...
a
...
certain
...
clay
...
stock
...
solution.
...
Back
...
to
...
...
...
...