CD Apparatus Design September-October 2008
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h1. October, 2008 {float:right|border=2px solid black|width=260px} [!Laboratory Research Set-ups^ACD set up labeled.JPG|width=260px!|Laboratory Research Set-ups] {float} |
Fishing
...
line
...
is
...
tied
...
to
...
the
...
top
...
of
...
the
...
float,
...
from
...
where
...
it
...
runs
...
directly
...
up
...
and
...
over
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two
...
pulleys
...
in
...
series.
...
The
...
fishing
...
line
...
is
...
then
...
tied
...
to
...
the
...
end
...
of
...
the
...
lever
...
arm
...
at
...
a
...
length
...
that
...
zeros
...
the
...
float
...
and
...
the
...
lever
...
arm,
...
while
...
ensuring
...
that
...
the
...
lever
...
arm
...
is
...
at
...
the
...
correct
...
height
...
to
...
zero
...
the
...
FC.
...
The
...
exact
...
specifications
...
for
...
those
...
calibrations
...
can
...
be
...
found
...
in
...
the
...
...
for
...
the
...
CD performance
...
testing.
...
The
...
lever
...
arm
...
is
...
made
...
of
...
a
...
35 cm long flat
...
metal
...
bar
...
that
...
marked
...
every
...
centimeter
...
like
...
a
...
ruler.
...
It
...
has
...
a
...
hole
...
at
...
the
...
end,
...
allowing
...
it
...
to
...
pivot
...
around
...
a
...
clamp
...
on
...
a
...
support.
...
The
...
centimeter
...
marks
...
on
...
the
...
arm
...
make
...
it
...
possible
...
to
...
select
...
a
...
lever
...
arm
...
position
...
to
...
attach
...
the
...
chemical
...
dosing
...
tube.
...
As
...
the
...
tube
...
is
...
attached
...
farther
...
from
...
the
...
pivot,
...
it
...
experiences
...
more
...
driving
...
head
...
with
...
each
...
change
...
in
...
float
...
height.
...
This
...
will
...
allow
...
us
...
to
...
calibrate
...
each
...
location
...
along
...
the
...
arm
...
for
...
different
...
alum
...
dosages.
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The
...
chemical
...
dosing
...
tube
...
is
...
a
...
tube
...
with
...
an
...
open
...
T
...
connection
...
at
...
the
...
top,
...
which
...
allows
...
the
...
FC outflow
...
tubing
...
to
...
drain
...
through
...
a
...
pressure
...
break
...
T.
...
The
...
tubing
...
exiting
...
the
...
pressure
...
break
...
T
...
has
...
a
...
larger
...
diameter
...
than
...
the
...
tubing
...
entering
...
it.
...
The
...
pressure
...
break and larger outflow tubing allow a free surface at the same height as the discharge to the rapid mix (minus head loss) to form inside the larger tube while air can also flow through the tube. Currently ¼ inch outer diameter tubing is used to connect the flow controller to the pressure break T, but it is not known what size tubing is necessary to allow air to flow after the T. Experience has indicated that ½ inch outer diameter tubing is large enough, but it is possible that tubing with an outer diameter as small as 3/8 inch could work as well. The larger tube is then connected to 1/4 in outer diameter tubing, which connects the CD to the rapid mix. It is unclear if this final connection is needed, though, and it may be removed so that the larger tubing connects the T to the rapid mix directly.
Design Modifications and Improvements
These modifications were temporary fixes to increase the precision of the lab data collection, not attempts at design modification for field use
Balancing the T connection at the pressure break
The flow controller (FC) outflow tubing connects to the T through two plastic fittings, which created an unbalance in the T, causing it to tip towards the FC. This was fixed by balancing the T connectors on the FC side with two weighted nuts on the other side.
Reducing erroneous variation in lever arm-induced driving head
The chemical dosing tube and its connection (a metal rod and clamp) to the lever arm were too heavy for the float used. The combined weight was causing the lever arm to sag down and cause many more centimeters of driving head at the farther distances down the arm than closer to the pivot. This makes logical sense based on the principle of moments around a pivot. The whole connection was taken off of the dosing tube and replaced with a simple string that tied around the lever arm instead of clamping to it. The string was taped in place to prevent slipping, and it appeared to greatly reduce the problem of changing driving head from the moment induced by the weight of the doser. This is not a robust solution for implementation in Honduras, but it was a good solution to increase precision of data collection in the lab setting.