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Experiment
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2:
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Replicate
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of
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the
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Previous
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Sand
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30
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Experiment
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Procedure
For this experiment,
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the
...
...
...
for
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this
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set
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of
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experiments
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was
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followed
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using
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the
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following
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parameters:
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Sand
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Grain
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Size:
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Sand
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30
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(0.59
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mm
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-
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0.84
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mm)
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Sand
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Bed
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Depth:
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60
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cm
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Sand
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Bed
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Expansion:
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50%
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Aerator
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Air
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Pressure:
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100
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kPa
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Flow
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Rate,
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measured
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manually:
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485
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ml/min
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Results
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and
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Discussion
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Data
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from
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the
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experiment
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indicate
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that
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similar
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amounts
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of
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gas
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were
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removed
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during
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each
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data
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collection
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period.
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Overall,
...
the
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results
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were
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consistent.
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After
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each
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period
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the
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content
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air
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removed
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floated
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within
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the
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range
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of
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1.981
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mL/L
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-
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2.002
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mL/L.
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This
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might
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suggest
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that
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the
...
components
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of
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the
...
system
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function
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reliably.
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The
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method
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of
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analyzing
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data
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was
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similar
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to
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that
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in
...
...
...
.
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Figure
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1.
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depicts
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the
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initial
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and
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final
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water
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levels
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in
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the
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bubble
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collector
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during
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each
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data
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collection
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period
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("runs").
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{anchor:Figure 1} {float:left|border=12px solid white}[!figure 1.04.png|width="486", height="302"!|GasExperiment Removal2 Preliminary- Graphs] {float} |
Each
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run
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represents
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a
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specific
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time
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period
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during
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which
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the
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water
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level
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in
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bubble
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collector
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gradually
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sinks
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down
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from
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its
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maximum
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to
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the
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set
...
minimum.
...
This
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period
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is
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represented
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on
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the
...
graph
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when
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the
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line
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slants
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downward.
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Once
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the
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minimum
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water
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level
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is
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reached,
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the
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system
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has
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to
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refill
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with
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water
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in
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order
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to
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continue
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the
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runs.
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For
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this
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reason,
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the
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water
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outflow
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valve
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is
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closed
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until
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the
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water
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level
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reaches
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the
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set
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maximum
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point.
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This
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period
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is
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represented
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on
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the
...
graph
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by
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the
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vertical
...
lines. (This section is redundant, you have already told us how to analyze the data)
Figure 1. also shows that the bubble collector did not complete the run during the third period. The measured water level in the bubble collector governs when the bubble collector should start a new cycle by filling up with water. It is possible that the cause was occasional noise in data. Since the data averaging period is 10 seconds, there might have been spikes in data collected in this particular averaging period. The multiple spikes that lasted just for a few seconds could have caused the average to be lower than the minimum water level set point. Essentially, this would fulfill the condition for the process to change to a refill state. More detailed information on the bubble collector setup can be found here. (Possibly...if this is the case, I would make your bubble collector set-up more robust so this cannot happen in the future)
The initial data collection period was omitted from the analysis since because of the setup conditions the air might have been trapped inside the system. For the subsequent data collection periods, we calculated the content of gas removed per liter of water sent through the sand filter. For reference, the formulas can be found here. For these calculations we used following values:
- radius of the bubble collector column: 1.9 cm
- average flow rate: 485 mL/min
We fitted a line to each of the runs to see the rate of change of the water level inside the bubble collector. The value of the linear fit is very close to 1, indicating that the data can be modeled accurately using a linear relationship. Figure 2. and Figure 3. show the linear fit line for the second data collection period, and more detailed graphs can also can be found here.
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Figure 1. also shows that the bubble collector did not complete the run during the third period. The measured water level in the bubble collector governs when the bubble collector should start a new cycle by filling up with water. It is possible that the cause was occasional noise in data. Since the data averaging period is 10 seconds, there might have been spikes in data collected in this particular averaging period. The multiple spikes that lasted just for a few seconds could have caused the average to be lower than the minimum water level set point. Essentially, this would fulfill the condition for the process to change to a refill state. More detailed information on the bubble collector setup can be found [here|Floating Flocs Summer 2009 Set-up]. The initial data collection period was omitted from the analysis since because of the setup conditions the air might have been trapped inside the system. For the subsequent data collection periods, we calculated the content of gas removed per liter of water sent through the sand filter. For reference, the formulas can be found [here|Experiment 1 - Replicate of the Previous Sand 40 Experiment]. For these calculations we used following values: * radius of the bubble collector column: 1.9 cm * average flow rate: 485 mL/min \\ We fitted a line to each of the runs to see the rate of change of the water level inside the bubble collector. The value of the linear fit is very close to 1, indicating that the data can be modeled accurately using a linear relationship. Figure 2. and Figure 3. show the linear fit line for the second data collection period, and more detailed graphs can also can be found here. {anchor:Figure 2} {float:left|border=12px solid white}[!figure 2.02.png|width="489", height="315"!|GasExperiment Removal2 Preliminary- Graphs] {float} {anchor:Figure 3} |
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{float:left|border=12px solid white}[!figure 3.02.png|width="470", height="315"!|GasExperiment Removal2 Preliminary- Graphs]
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The
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calculations
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for
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the
...
amount
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of
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gas
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removed
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during
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each
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data
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collection
...
periods
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gave
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us
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the
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results
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summarized
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in
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Table
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1.
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and
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Figure
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4.:
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{anchor:Figure 4} {float:left|border=12px solid white}[!figure 4.04.png|width="464", height="304"!|GasExperiment Removal2 Preliminary- Graphs] {float} |
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{float:left|border=5px2px solid white|width="200"} h5. Table 1: Gas Removal vs. Collection Periods. ||Run||Slope (cm/min)||R ^2^ value||Dissolved Gas Removed (mL/L)|| |2|0.0854|.9944|1.9970| |3|0.0856|.9482|2.0017| |4|0.0847|.9952|1.9806| {float} \\ \\ Data was recorded for Sand 30 with each of the parameters specified under Procedure. The results of the experiment can be downloaded [here|^Copy of Data analysis and Graphs1.xls] in the form of the Excel sheet. The amount of gas removed during each run was consistent. The uniform results might indicate reliable functioning of the components of the system. As opposed to [Experiment 1|Experiment 1 - Replicate of the Previous Sand 40 Experiment], no clogging was witnessed at this time. However, the amount of removed gas is still a bit lower than the result from the [Fluidized Bed Experiment|Fluidized Bed after Super Saturator] done last semester, when the measured content of gas removed was 3.23 mL/L. The fluidized bed experiment involved the same sand parameters: Sand 40, depth = 60cm, bed expansion = 50%, aerator air pressure = 100kPa, except for the flow rate, which was 345 mL/min. The cause of the difference in results might be the experimental setup, which has been modified since last semester. The modifications include replacing the aerator with a new one. Perhaps the current aerator is not producing water that is supersaturated enough. That might affect the environment in which bubbles are formed, and thus indicate why only 2.00 mL/L of gas is removed. For further observation, we measured the dissolved oxygen content at three various points in the system. Detailed information can be found [here|FF Dissolved Oxygen Measurements]. h2. Conclusions |
Data was recorded for Sand 30 with each of the parameters specified under Procedure. The results of the experiment can be downloaded here in the form of the Excel sheet. The amount of gas removed during each run was consistent. The uniform results might indicate reliable functioning of the components of the system. As opposed to Experiment 1, no clogging was witnessed at this time.
The amount of gas removed is lower than the result from the Experiment 1, which involved using Sand 40. This might suggest that the sand with larger grain sizes might be less effective at gas removal than the sand with smaller ones. Larger sand grains have relatively lower surface area to volume ratio and thus provide less surface area to which the bubbles can attach to in the sand column. Although the sand grain size is just one of the factors that affect the gas removal rate, the results indicate that perhaps using filter media with higher surface area to volume ratio might help facilitate the gas removal process under certain conditions.
However, the amount of removed gas is still a bit lower than the result from the Fluidized Bed Experiment done last semester, when the measured content of gas removed was 3.23 mL/L. The fluidized bed experiment involved the same sand parameters: Sand 30, depth = 60cm, bed expansion = 50%, aerator air pressure = 100kPa, except for the flow rate, which was 345 mL/min. The cause of the difference in results might be the experimental setup, which has been modified since last semester. The modifications include replacing the aerator with a new one. Perhaps the current aerator is not producing water that is supersaturated enough. That might affect the environment in which bubbles are formed, and thus indicate why only 2.00 mL/L of gas is removed. For further observation, we measured the dissolved oxygen content at three various points in the system. Detailed information can be found here.
Conclusions
The results of this experiment are quite consistent. Although the results are different from last semester's, we intend to use these results because of their consistency. We will probably have to adjust the data averaging time or check the set points for the valves, since one of the valves opened and cut short the third data collection period.
That the gas removal is lower than last semester's is unexpected and is something we will look into. The sand filter may not working efficiently. This may be because the parameters are not optimal in this experiment, but it is also possible that the sand filter is not working well enough.
The efficiency of the aerator will also have to be considered. Perhaps smaller aeration stones will allow for greater efficiency of gas dissolution. The lower gas removal, the inefficiency of the aerator, and the possible ineffectiveness of the sand filter may all be related.