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{composition-setup}
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{composition-setup}
h2. |
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{toggle-cloak:id=Abstract} |
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Abstract {cloak:id=Abstract} |
In
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order
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to
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confirm
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the
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accuracy
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of
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the
...
data,
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the
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effects
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of
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heat
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energy
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that
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is
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continually
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added
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to
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the
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settle
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sample
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by
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the
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turbidimeter
...
light
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are
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analyzed
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for
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significance.
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If
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the
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temperature
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gradient
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is
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great
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enough,
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it
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causes
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density
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currents
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that
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resuspend
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the
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flocs.
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It
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is
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found
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that
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little
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difference
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is
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observed
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between
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runs,
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that
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heat
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currents
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are
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unlikely
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a
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major
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source
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of
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error
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with
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the
...
given
...
conditions,
...
and
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experimental
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processes
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do
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not
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need
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to
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be
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revised
...
to
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account
...
for
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such
...
changes.
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{cloak} h2. |
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{toggle-cloak:id=Introduction} |
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Introduction {cloak:id=Introduction} |
The
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Spring
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2007
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Research
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and
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Development
...
Team
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suggested
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that
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convection
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currents
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created
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by
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light
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heating
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the
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water
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in
...
the
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sample
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tube
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may
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be
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affecting
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the
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turbidity
...
data
...
in
...
experiments.
...
The
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turbidimeter
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measures
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the
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turbidity
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from
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the
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scattering
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of
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light
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through
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the
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sample
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of
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water
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as
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a
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beam
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of
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light
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is
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passed
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through
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the
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tube.
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The
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turbidimeter
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and
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its
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light
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are
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currently
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left
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on
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throughout
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the
...
entire
...
test
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and
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could
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be
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heating
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the
...
sample,
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which
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may
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cause
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convection
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currents
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that
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hinder
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the
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sedimentation
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of
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the
...
flocs
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and
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re-suspend
...
them
...
in
...
solution.
...
This
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would
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only
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affect
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the
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effluent
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turbidimeter
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data
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since
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the
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solution
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through
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the
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influent
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turbidimeter
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is
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continuously
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flowing
...
during
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relevant
...
testing.
...
The
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purpose
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of
...
this
...
test
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is
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to
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either
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rule
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out
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convection
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currents
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as
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a
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concern
...
or
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to
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revise
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future
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methods
...
to
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protect
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against
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them.
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{cloak} h2. |
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{toggle-cloak:id=Methods} |
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Methods {cloak:id=Methods) !Laboratory Research Set-Ups^heat test setup.jpg|width=300,height=350! The experimental setup was run using Process Controller software. A Process Controller method was modified so that we can compare the settled turbidity values for the case with the light left continuously on with the case of the light only turned on briefly at the end of the Settle state. It automatically looped through four states: "1\- Clean Flocculator", "2\- Clean Effluent Turbidimeter", "3\- New Flow and Sample", and "4\- Settle State." In this first sequence the turbidimeter was left on throughout states 3 and 4 to measure the settled turbidity throughout the first sequence. Then, the method was extended to replicate states one through three as states five through eight. A ninth state was added called "9\- Measure Settled Turbidity." State nine was created to allow the turbidimeter to be turned off for the duration defined by set point "Off Time" in state eight and turned on for the "On Time" of two minutes. After the tests are run the data measured during the "On Time" in "9\- Measure Settled Turbidity" and the last two minutes of "4\- Settle State" were compared. The raw water flow rate was 2 mL/s. The clay and alum flow rates are determined by the afore-mentioned flow rate, their respective tubing sizes, the stock turbidity or concentration, and a goal influent turbidity which was set at 100 NTU. Clay stock turbidity was set at 2800 NTU and alum stock concentration was 5 mg/L. A 12-inch glass tube was used in this experiment, and PVC pipe was fitted to cover the exposed part of the effluent turbidimeter sample tube to minimize the affects of ambient light in the lab affecting the turbidity readings. {cloak} h2. } |
The experimental setup was run using Process Controller software. A Process Controller method was modified so that we can compare the settled turbidity values for the case with the light left continuously on with the case of the light only turned on briefly at the end of the Settle state. It automatically looped through four states: "1- Clean Flocculator", "2- Clean Effluent Turbidimeter", "3- New Flow and Sample", and "4- Settle State." In this first sequence the turbidimeter was left on throughout states 3 and 4 to measure the settled turbidity throughout the first sequence. Then, the method was extended to replicate states one through three as states five through eight. A ninth state was added called "9- Measure Settled Turbidity." State nine was created to allow the turbidimeter to be turned off for the duration defined by set point "Off Time" in state eight and turned on for the "On Time" of two minutes. After the tests are run the data measured during the "On Time" in "9- Measure Settled Turbidity" and the last two minutes of "4- Settle State" were compared.
The raw water flow rate was 2 mL/s. The clay and alum flow rates are determined by the afore-mentioned flow rate, their respective tubing sizes, the stock turbidity or concentration, and a goal influent turbidity which was set at 100 NTU. Clay stock turbidity was set at 2800 NTU and alum stock concentration was 5 mg/L. A 12-inch glass tube was used in this experiment, and PVC pipe was fitted to cover the exposed part of the effluent turbidimeter sample tube to minimize the affects of ambient light in the lab affecting the turbidity readings.
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{cloak} |
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{toggle-cloak:id=Results} |
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Results {cloak:id=Results} |
The
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data
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for
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the
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turbidity
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recorded
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during
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the
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settle
...
state
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was
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analyzed.
...
First
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the
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day
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fraction
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was
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converted
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to
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an
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elapsed
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time
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for
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each
...
run.
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The
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statelog
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was
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used
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to
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determine
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the
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time
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at
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which
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the
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settle
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state
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started
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and
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ended.
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The
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first
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data
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of
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each
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settle
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state
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was
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referenced
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as
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the
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start
...
time
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for
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the
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corresponding
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run.
...
The
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following
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day
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fractions
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were
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modified
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to
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multiply
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the
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difference
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from
...
the
...
start
...
time
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by
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1440
...
minutes
...
per
...
day.
...
The
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elapsed
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time
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for
...
each
...
run
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was
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18.16
...
minutes.
In analyzing the data the first sequence of the cycle where the turbidimeter is on throughout is denoted as run "a" and the second sequence as run "b." Only the last two minutes of the "a" runs were compared to the data from the "b" runs. If convection currents are present we expected to see a significant difference between the "a" and "b" runs in terms of absolute turbidity values and the range of data.
In the first run the data from the "b" run shows a larger spread of data by about 0.1 NTU. It can be seen that the data from both runs is mostly between 1.2 and 1.4 NTU. In the second and third runs the data from both sequences are intertwined. They show similar patterns are have about the same ranges. These results strongly suggest the absence of convection currents.In the last run of the test the "a" run shows a greater spread of data by about 0.3 NTU. This is the opposite of the first run. By inspection you can see that the data from run "a" centers around 1.4 NTU while the data from run "b" centers around 1.2 NTU. This is the same range as in the first run.
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{cloak} |
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{toggle-cloak:id=Conclusion} |
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Conclusion {cloak:id=Conclusion} |
Where
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there
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was
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a
...
difference
...
between
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the
...
absolute
...
turbidities
...
between
...
sequences
...
in
...
the
...
same
...
run
...
where
...
the
...
in
...
one
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the
...
turbidimeter
...
is
...
on
...
throughout
...
and
...
in
...
the
...
other
...
where
...
it
...
is
...
only
...
on
...
at
...
the
...
end
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the
...
difference
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was
...
small.
...
There
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existed
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no
...
pattern
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in
...
the
...
differences
...
in
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range
...
between
...
the
...
runs.
...
It
...
can
...
be
...
concluded
...
that
...
convection
...
currents
...
are
...
not
...
affecting
...
the
...
data
...
recorded
...
in
...
experiments
...
and
...
in
...
the
...
future
...
it
...
will
...
not
...
be
...
necessary
...
to
...
turn
...
off
...
the
...
turbidimeter.
...
Differences
...
in
...
data
...
between
...
and
...
within
...
runs
...
can
...
be
...
attributed
...
to
...
the
...
difference
...
in
...
the
...
timing,
...
size,
...
and
...
orientation
...
of
...
the
...
flocs
...
in
...
solution
...
falling
...
past
...
the
...
turbidity
...
sensor
...
where
...
the
...
size
...
of
...
the
...
flocs
...
created
...
in
...
each
...
run
...
should
...
fall
...
in
...
the
...
same
...
range.
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{cloak} |
Back
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to
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