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The new apparatus was equipped with a pH probe whose values could be logged into the computer via Process Controller. In addition, Process Controller was utilized to automate the experiment variables. With those additions, the team measured the pH of the effluent, looking for the optimal flow rate that could maintain a pH of 12 for 24 hours.

IMPROVEMENT

The Improvements made, included a change in the design of the water outlet was changed in order to ensure an adequate pH measurement (Figure 2). The Also the pH probe was installed in a vertical tube and making a curved outlet was added for the effluent. With these changes, the team could obtain an accurate pH measure could be obtained.

DESCRIPTION

The mass of lime added was 17.89 gm. With this amount of lime, the flow rate upflow velocity chosen was 40mL10.71cm/min, because the lime remained suspended and it was assumed the apparatus would run for a longer time according to the results observed in Experiment 1.

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Figure - 1 Apparatus for experiment 2, using a pH probe

The initial pH reading was 12 and stayed that way for 2 hours. It gradually decreased to 8.85 (close to the pH of a solution that is fully saturated calcium bicarbonate) by the 24th hour.

One of the possible explanations about regarding the decreasing decrease of pH at a constant rate during the trial , was that the upflow velocity was not enough to mix the lime and keep the dissolution. As a probe, the flow rate it was increase increased to 60 mL16 cm/min. When the this change was made, the probe registered an increase to a pH of 9.4.

After the change in flow rate was made, the pH measure showed the same behavior, decreasing constantly. When a pH of 8.5 was reached, the experiment was terminated, despite the fact that there was still a suspended bed of lime.

Other possible explanations were that the calculations were not precise about the lime concentration required for the desired pH; or that the vertical column didn't allow a continuous lime mixing and an important amount was going out of the apparatus. It will be the a challenge for the next experiment. Figure - 1 Apparatus for experiment 2, using a pH probe
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RESULTS

1. With an upflow velocity of 10.71cm/min, the pH dropped from 12 to 11 after about 3.5 hours.
2. After increasing the upflow velocity of 16cm/min (in order to enhance the lime mixing) and keeping all other parameters constant, no significant changes were noted.
   Figure 2 shows the pH measures during the experiment.The results of the experiment are on an attached excel file. Excel Spreadsheet
   
   
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   Figure 2. Time vs pH
   
   

   CONCLUSIONS

   Several problems were diagnosed from the above experimental results. They are as follows:

1. The arrangement of the pH probe was not stable so the pH data was not accurate.
2. The simple column design was not adequate in giving any range in terms of flow rates that could fulfill the objectives of maintaining a good suspension and maintaining a stable pH for 24 hours on the effluent.
3. The vertical column (Volume= 0.211 L) was not large enough to store the required amount of lime to run the experiment for 24 hours.

RESULTS

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To solve the above difficulties, a new model for the lime feeder, consisting of a sloped column above a vertical column was considered and several trials were experimented on this new model. These trials are detailed in the next experiment (Experiment 3).