Alum Dosing

Creation of an

alum dosing

Alum Dose Curve

Alum dosing has been an important variable throughout flocculation history. It is considered an art form and is generally picked up The proper dose of alum to optimize flocculation for a given set of plant conditions is difficult to determine. Alum dosing is a skill which is generally acquired through practice and experience. At the Cornell Water treatment plant the operators rely on past data and a streaming current director to establish their alum dosing. They also rely on some rules of thumb that are affected by the temperature and the turbidity of the water. It appears that the higher the temperature the Experimental data shows that as temperature increases, less alum is needed. This data is displayed in Table 1.

Table 1. Rule of thumb data used by Cornell University's Water Treatment Plant Operators. || ||

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A |
In an attempt to automate and decrease the mystery behind alum dosing the log relationship equation (Y = A + B*log(NTU)) was used to test its impact on flocculation in the pilot plant flocculatorautomate alum dosing, and effects on the flocculator were observed. After the value of A was lowered from 15 mg/L to 10 mg/L and the tube settlers stopped clogging there appeared to be good floc formation and clean water being produced in the flocculator. While the third section appeared to break floc ups the The alum dosing was sufficient so that by the end of the second section of the flocculator the turbidity was usually around 1 NTU and was almost always below 2 NTU (see Figure 12 and Figure 18). The raw water turbidity coming into the flocculator stayed between 2 and 6 NTU during most tests that were run. While the turbidity is low equation 18 allows good floc formation and for clean water to be produced by AguaClara technology..

Observations of Flocculation at Incremental Alum Doses

Alum dosing was also investigated by watching floc formation in the flocculator at different alum doses. This was done in an attempt to note if it was possible to visually discern when the alum dose needed to be changed. Doses of 0, 5, 20, and 50 mg/L were noted.
Upon observing 0 alum doseused:

• At an alum dose of 0 mg/L, it was very clear that there wasn't any improvement through the tank. In fact the whole way through the flocculator it looked as though there were tiny particles floating along with big particles and this never changed.

• When observing 5 mg/L

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• there was little discernible difference from the zero dose. It appeared that there was some improvement through the tank. The last two sections didn't appear to have as many small particles in between some of the larger particles were but the flocs that were seen appeared to be smaller than those observed

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• previously.

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• At an alum dose

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• of 20 mg/L, there initially appeared to be a

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• pulse of

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• flocs at the beginning of the flocculation tank that moved up the first section of the tank. It is

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• unclear if this was due to the introduction of the higher alum dose

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• . After the initial

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• pulse of flocs, the water entering the tank

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• did not appear as turbid as the raw water entering the tank without any alum. The floc formation

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• appeared earlier in the tank,

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• about a third of the way down the first section. They

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• were still small at this point but the improvement over the end of the first section and the middle of the second section

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• was rapid. Most of the particles

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• were in floc and there

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• were not as many particles in between flocs.

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• At an alum dose of 50 mg/L the water in the first section appeared to have the same distribution of small particles in between larger particles as

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• appeared at a dose of zero. Throughout the tank there were many medium to small sized flocs

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• . The flocs did not increase in size as they traveled through the flocculation tank. There were only occasional flocs that could be considered large. This is contrary to what

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• was expected. Experimenters had predicted the same type of floc distrubution as had been observed earlier when the tube settlers

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• clogged. Overdosing alum appears to cause it to lose its effectiveness.

Conclusions

For the majority of the testing done this summer, alum dose was set by equation 18. After the change of A the aforementioned log relationship equation (Y = A + B*log(NTU)). After A was adjusted from 15 to 10 was made , this approach was effective for the low turbidities that the flocculator experienced this summer. Hopefully in the future the At other times of year when the raw water turbidity will change enabling testing of higher turbiditiesis higher, the effectiveness of this relationship could be tested in a higher turbidity range. Through use of this equation 18, observing observations of the floc tank, and conversations with the operators at the water treatment plant, it has become apparent that there is still a lot of research that needs to be done regarding alum dose.
Observing the floc tank was helpful in being able to identify different kinds of floc and what different alum doses looked like in the water entering the water treatment planttank. The water treatment plant has now switched to a different coagulant (PAC) but if they had to go back to alum they said they would use past experience and alum doses as well as jar tests to set their doses. This suggests that for each water treatment plant an equation, formula or at least a rule of thumb could be developed off of from past water treatment for future dosing. If Due to variations from plant to plant in influent water, it is improbable that this formula would be translatable to useful at other water treatment plants and different water types is uncertain. The run increment alum dose test should help helped to shed light on alum dosing as it allows the alum dose to be changed while at a relatively constant raw water turbidity. Hopefully the The data from this type of test will should show either an optimum dose or a small range of optimal doses for specific settled water turbidity.

Design Suggestions (for future plants)

If a serpentine flow is again used, future designs should include a way to make the dividers a more central part of the design, and a material that does not deform easily but holds its structure and can be sealed to the tank should be chosen. If this is not a possibility then re-enforcement to the dividers should be added to ensure that deformation does not cause problems with baffle skipping. This way the width of the sections can be easily controlled as well as locations where leaks could be problematic could be observed during installation. The problem with making the divider and the tank not one central piece is that it is difficult to make the two pieces fit together and make them water tight.
Another suggestion that would make maintenance of the tank easier would be to include an outlet that could be opened and closed nearer to the bottom of the tank than the outlet pipe currently is. The current design leaves water at a height of a few inches above the bottom that needs to be pumped out before the tank is fully drained. Even then with the design of the dividers the bottom of the tank can never be fully drained because the bottom piece of the divider covers most of the bottom of the tank. This is problematic if repairs to the caulk or Kwik Foam need to be made, as they seal best on dry surfaces.
When dealing inside the tank the current configuration of the modules is sturdy and provides a structure that allows the baffles to move as a whole maintaining baffle spacing. This is an advantage as it ensures that they are evenly spaced and that the value of G is constant throughout each module. One of the problems encountered this summer was that in the pilot plant configuration the inlet and outlet are both pipes that were added that decreased the space in the first and last section of the flocculator. If this design is to be replicated the space that the inlet and outlet occupy should be taken into account when designing the number of baffles. This is due to the fact that the connector pipes that are used to keep the baffles from drifting to the end could become caught on the exit pipe and cause the baffles to be pushed against the inlet. When lowering the modules into the tank they need to be lowered very carefully and each portion of the section needs to be lowered at the same time, necessitating at least two people, usually three. If the modules were bent the connector pipes would pop out of the caps and it would be hard to replace them. The connectors are important because of the forces that they carry.

Optimal Alum Dose Testing

Because the pilot plant takes water directly from the stream, environmental conditions change all the time and affect the incoming turbidity to the plant as well as the chemical composition of the particles causing turbidity. It is therefore necessary to determine the best alum dose for each day of testing to ensure the formation of good flocs. This requirement was implemented in the following way:
The Process Controller was used under the "Increment Alum" setting, which starts the Alum Dose at 0 mg/L, and increments at 5 mg/L until it reaches a maximum of 40 mg/L. Each of the alum doses ran for a 30-minute period, or for about 3 times the residence time of the tank. After the completion of the test, data processing was performed to select the data from the last 10 minutes of each individual alum increment. The first 20 minutes of data were rejected because the residence time in the flocculator was 10 minutes, and the residence time in the tube settler was also about 10 minutes. Therefore, in order to get readings from the final turbidimeter that were representative of the alum dose that we were testing, we discarded the first 20 minutes of data at each alum dose. The outgoing turbidity (from turbidimeter 4) was then analyzed for each increment, and the alum dose achieving the lowest turbidity was selected for the second part of the experiment.