AguaClara Concept Paper
Overview
AguaClara is a Cornell University project that is improving drinking water quality through innovative research, knowledge transfer, and design of sustainable and scalable replicable water treatment systems. AguaClara water treatment plants are designed to treat turbid surface waters at the municipal scale, built . They are built by local labor using local materials, and they are operated without any electricity. AguaClara partners with local institutions, who build, operate, train, transfer, oversee, and monitor the water treatment plants to ensure long term sustainability. AguaClara plants have a one-time construction and capacity-building cost of less than $20 per person served. The monthly annual fee for maintenance and supplies needed to keep the plant operational operation and maintenance is approximately $1 $2 per familyperson.
The Challenge
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and the AguaClara Niche
Every day, diarrhoeal diseases from easily preventable causes Diarrheal diseases, mostly from unclean water, claim the lives of approximately 5000 young children throughout the world . Sufficient and better quality drinking water and basic sanitation can cut every day. Drinking untreated water and using it for bathing are major causes of waterborne disease. When coupled with basic sanitation, access to sufficient safe drinking water reduces this toll dramatically (UNICEF). Distributing untreated surface waters as drinking water is one of the causes of waterborne disease. Point of Use and municipal scale treatment schemes are two potential solutions. In recent years, centralized large-scale water treatment and supply systems have been seen as an unsustainable expensive strategy to provide safe drinking water in low-income countries. Often, conventional technologies developed for use in the first world have been inserted in third world settings, which lack ready access to , 2005).
Many municipal water treatment plants in the Global South have been inserted by developed nations. They are not sustainable when operated away from their normal supply chains, trained technicians, and sufficient capital. These systems so frequently failcapital investments, and it is common to see these plants sitting unused or broken in cities with unsafe water. In the communities that are capable of maintaining the complex machinery and computer systems in these plants, there is often a massive debt between the utility and the electric company.
AguaClara technology is an innovative way to bring economy of scale to water treatment, while maintaining simplicity of design that can be sustained even in impoverished regions. The AguaClara plants require no electricity and all repairs can be completed with local materials and labor. Plant designs are robust and scaled to meet the projected need in each community for years to come. The project also provides sustainable designs to cities and villages with smaller populations that often do not receive municipal treatment in Honduras.
Point of Use Treatment Systems
Point of Use use (POU) drinking water treatment systems became the favored solution for providing safe waterrecently have become a favored solution among many development organizations, but the challenges of training every household, the impossible task of monitoring water quality, and the high cost of replacing failed units has have led to the renewed realization that appropriate municipal-scale water treatment systems provide compelling advantages. We recognize that POU solutions could provide a more sustainable solution. POU systems may be the only viable option in rural communities where piped distribution systems would be too costly or or areas where water scarcity makes managing a distribution system difficult. The AguaClara team is proposing a corrective to the current emphasis on POU technologies where municipal scale treatment and distribution would be more economical and sustainable and would better meet the needs of the poorest members of the communities., but they are not necessarily cost-effective in villages and cities where there is access to a regular water supply.
POU technology is more expensive per liter of water treated, it treats only the water used for special purposes--Some POU advocates emphasize deficiencies in municipal scale treatment and distribution systems and encourage consumers to not trust tap water in order to promote their own solutions. Loss of confidence in municipal water systems undermines public willingness to finance such infrastructure, which even POU users count on for their water source. POU water treatment is more expensive per person, treats only the drinking water rather than all water entering a home, --and it is often unobtainable by the poorest members of a community. There are numerous advantages to working Many households using POU treatment do not receive intensive training with their systems, and it is not uncommon to see these small systems used inappropriately. Working at the municipal level including economies of scale, fewer maintenance people to train, and treating scale provides a solution to nearly all of the water that goes into a home, not just the drinking waterconcerns raised regarding POU water treatment.
Municipal Scale Treatment Systems
A series of shortcomings has prevented municipal water treatment plants from becoming an effective a widely supported tool for meeting the Millennium Development Goals. The lack of empirical experience or a theoretical basis for the design of small scale (communities less than 50,000) hydraulic flocculators has forced a reliance on simplistic designs using electric power. No technology has been available for gravity powered dosing systems that could be calibrated and easily used to deliver chlorine and aluminum sulfate. Environmental process engineers have viewed each installation as a customized design Engineers view each municipal-scale installation as a custom design, and the resulting engineering costs easily often exceed the construction costs for small water treatment plants. The conventional solution to these high design costs has been to rely on imported package plants, which often become unused shortly after their inauguration, as explained above ("The Challenge and the AguaClara Niche"). The lack of empirical experience or a theoretical basis for designing water treatment plants for populations of less than 50,000 has forced a reliance on generic packaged designs that use electric power and imported components. This lack of knowledge about processes for small communities is what has driven the AguaClara team's work.
Our Successes
To make our plants successful, the AguaClara team works hard to address each of the shortcomings with municipal water treatment theory and practiceThe AguaClara team has addressed each of these shortcomings. The team has developed designs for hydraulic flocculators that are economical to construct. These designs are based on a combination of fundamental fluid mechanics as well as ongoing research. The team has invented a gravity powered flow control module that delivers a constant flow rate and that is adjusted simply by raising or lowering a flexible tube. The AguaClara team has committed to open source engineering (freely sharing all of our research findings and our design algorithms). Our strategy to reduce the engineering design costs is to both publish our design algorithms and create an automated, web-based, design tool that will enable partner organizations to obtain detailed design documentation including . These downloadable designs will include 3-D CAD drawings of an AguaClara plant that is are customized to the size of local materials that will be used for constructing key features.
The team has developed designs for municipal plants that are economical to construct at only $20 per person served for construction . Although the AguaClara design process is sophisticated, the resulting designs appear deceptively simple and use components that can be repaired and replaced by the plant operators.
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and start-up, plus $2 per person per year for operations and maintenance. These designs are based on fundamental fluid mechanics and ongoing research. The team has invented a gravity powered chemical dosing system that delivers a precise flow rate of coagulant and chlorine, two chemicals that are necessary for reducing turbidity and disinfecting water. The chemical dosing rate can be easily set by a plant operator based on influent water turbidity, which removes the need for electric pumps used for dosing in most other plants.
AguaClara has already proven to be successful at treating turbid surface water on the municipal scale. Working with Agua Para el Pueblo (APP), a Honduran NGO, AguaClara has designed a water treatment plant plants that is are working effectively and providing safe, clean water to 2000 people in Ojojona, and 3500 people in Tamara Honduras . Two more plants are under construction in the towns of Marcala (serving 5400 people) and Tamara (serving 3500 people), also in Honduras.
Our goals
(sponsored by Rotary and the Sanjuan fund). Our largest design to date is a 2000 L/min plant for 5500 people in Marcala (sponsored by IRWA with construction supervision by IRWA and ADEC). The newest plant, for Cuatro Comunidades with a population 2000, is just coming online. This brings the total number of people served by our technology up to 13,000.
Our Goals
Having shown that the AguaClara technology is Having shown that our plants are successful in Honduras, we plan to expand to additional municipalities in Honduras and worldwide. Our goal is that five AguaClara plants be constructed in Honduras by the summer of 2009. Recognizing the global demand for this technology we seek to develop a network of partners who are dedicated to knowledge transfer and capacity building and who can help disseminate the technology in other countries and who are willing to share their experiences with the networkto continue expanding throughout Honduras and to begin extending to other countries in Latin America. Our long-term goal is to secure partner organizations around the world that can oversee construction and fundraising for treatment plants in their regions.
Our first priority is to establish a truly robust and sustainable base with our partnerships in Honduras. Currently our central partner, Agua Para el Pueblo, will need to secure financing of approximately $160,000 over the next two years to meet this goal of stability. Our growth model emphasizes a South-to-South spread with strategic North-to-South collaborations to create new launch sites. This model is the most sustainable for AguaClara because it utilizes the capacity of our partners to share their firsthand experiences working with our designs, and it provides new sites with a network of local supporters. Our reliance on local capacity building is the main driver behind fundraising for AguaClara operations in Honduras. When our partners in Honduras are secure and our Cornell laboratory is well funded, then we can begin expanding AguaClara along lines of global partnerships.