| Wiki Markup |
|---|
{composition-setup}
cloak.toggle.exclusive=false
{composition-setup}
h2. |
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
{toggle-cloak:id=Abstract} |
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
Abstract {cloak:id=Abstract} |
It
...
has
...
been
...
observed
...
that
...
humic
...
acid
...
will
...
compete
...
with
...
particles
...
in
...
the
...
water
...
for
...
alum.
...
A
...
natural
...
component
...
of
...
surface
...
waters,
...
humic
...
acid
...
is
...
important
...
to
...
include
...
in
...
our
...
laboratory
...
experiment,
...
as
...
we
...
are
...
trying
...
to
...
observe
...
flocculation
...
parameters
...
of
...
natural
...
waters.
...
Adding
...
humic
...
acid
...
to
...
our
...
experiment
...
will
...
make
...
the
...
experimental
...
dirty
...
water
...
mimic
...
more
...
like
...
natural
...
waters
...
found
...
in
...
Honduras.
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
{cloak} h2. |
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
{toggle-cloak:id=Introduction} |
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
Introduction {cloak:id=Introduction} |
Humic
...
acid,
...
concentrated
...
in
...
soil
...
organic
...
matter,
...
is
...
a
...
degradation
...
byproduct
...
of
...
plant
...
and
...
animal
...
tissues
...
such
...
as
...
lipids,
...
proteins
...
and
...
carbohydrates.
...
Chemically,
...
humic
...
acid
...
is
...
a
...
very
...
stable
...
compound
...
and
...
is
...
not
...
very
...
reactive
...
in
...
solution.
...
Surface
...
waters
...
naturally
...
contain
...
some
...
humic
...
acid,
...
as
...
it
...
can
...
leach
...
out
...
of
...
soil.
...
When
...
dissolved
...
in
...
water,
...
humic
...
acid
...
gives
...
water
...
a
...
yellow-brown
...
tinge.
...
Additionally,
...
humic
...
acid
...
can
...
affect
...
water
...
treatment;
...
specifically,
...
it
...
can
...
react
...
with
...
dissolved
...
cations
...
such
...
as
...
aluminum
...
sulfate
...
(alum)
...
and
...
other
...
aluminum
...
species
...
alum
...
can
...
dissociate
...
to
...
form.
...
Because
...
humic
...
acid
...
has
...
a
...
large
...
negatively
...
charged
...
surface,
...
it
...
tends
...
to
...
adsorb
...
much
...
of
...
the
...
alum
...
added
...
in
...
coagulation
...
processes,
...
thus
...
competing
...
with
...
clay
...
for
...
which
...
the
...
alum
...
is
...
added.
...
Therefore,
...
the
...
amount
...
of
...
alum
...
needed
...
to
...
treat
...
water
...
containing
...
humic
...
acid
...
will
...
be
...
more
...
then
...
what
...
would
...
be
...
needed
...
for
...
water
...
without
...
it.
...
In
...
order
...
to
...
more
...
accurately
...
determine
...
the
...
optimal
...
amount
...
of
...
alum
...
to
...
be
...
added
...
to
...
treat
...
contaminated
...
water,
...
humic
...
acid
...
should
...
be
...
considered
...
in
...
our
...
experiment.
...
Starting
...
with
...
this
...
experiment,
...
we
...
will
...
continue
...
to
...
use
...
humic
...
acid
...
in
...
our
...
influent
...
flow
...
as
...
it
...
is
...
a
...
major
...
competitor
...
to
...
clay
...
for
...
alum.
...
We
...
conducted
...
an
...
experiment
...
varying
...
alum
...
dose
...
concentration
...
and
...
influent
...
turbidity
...
at
...
a
...
G
...
value
...
of
...
42/s.
...
Humic
...
acid
...
was
...
not
...
mixed
...
into
...
our
...
influent
...
mixture,
...
and
...
therefore
...
did
...
not
...
accurately
...
determine
...
the
...
optimal
...
alum
...
dose
...
needed
...
to
...
treat
...
water
...
at
...
a
...
given
...
turbidity.
...
Since
...
dissolved
...
humic
...
acid
...
does
...
not
...
naturally
...
form
...
colloids,
...
its
...
addition
...
into
...
the
...
influent
...
stream
...
will
...
not
...
affect
...
the
...
turbidity.
...
More
...
specifically,
...
the
...
humic
...
acid
...
will
...
reflect
...
a
...
yellow-brown
...
wavelength
...
but
...
will
...
not
...
scatter
...
light
...
as
...
does
...
colloids
...
like
...
clay.
...
Our
...
main
...
objectives
...
for
...
adding
...
humic
...
acid
...
into
...
the
...
experiment
...
are
...
to
...
see
...
the
...
impact
...
of
...
humic
...
acid
...
on
...
our
...
previous
...
experiment
...
and
...
to
...
define
...
a
...
relationship
...
between
...
alum
...
dosing
...
and
...
raw
...
water
...
turbidities.
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
{cloak} h2. |
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
{toggle-cloak:id=Methods} |
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
Methods {cloak:id=Methods} |
No
...
official
...
experiment
...
was
...
run
...
to
...
determine
...
the
...
affects
...
of
...
humic
...
acid
...
on
...
the
...
alum
...
dose.
...
A
...
concentration
...
of
...
3.5
...
mg/L
...
of
...
humic
...
acid
...
is
...
used
...
as
...
an
...
estimate
...
of
...
natural
...
waters.
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
{cloak} h2. |
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
{toggle-cloak:id=Results} |
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
Results {cloak:id=Results} |
We
...
have
...
used
...
a
...
humic
...
acid
...
concentration
...
of
...
3.5
...
mg/L.
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
{cloak} h2. |
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
{toggle-cloak:id=Discussion} |
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
Discussion {cloak:id=Discussion} |
It
...
would
...
be
...
very
...
interesting
...
to
...
actually
...
run
...
an
...
experiment
...
without
...
and
...
with
...
adding
...
humic
...
acid
...
to
...
the
...
clay
...
stock
...
solution.
...
By
...
observing
...
the
...
settling
...
curves,
...
we
...
could
...
determine
...
if
...
in
...
fact
...
a
...
humic
...
acid
...
concencration
...
of
...
3.5
...
mg/L
...
does
...
take
...
some
...
of
...
the
...
alum
...
away
...
from
...
the
...
clay
...
particles.
...
Additionally,
...
varying
...
the
...
amount
...
of
...
humic
...
acid
...
added
...
to
...
solution
...
and
...
the
...
visible
...
affects
...
would
...
also
...
be
...
a
...
good
...
experiment.
...
We
...
suggest
...
that
...
once
...
the
...
new
...
experiment
...
setup
...
is
...
ready
...
and
...
running
...
this
...
summer,
...
that
...
this
...
experiment
...
be
...
conducted.
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
{cloak} |
Back
...
to
...
...
...
...