{float:right\|border=none}!whole setup.JPG|thumbnail!
Figure 1. Experimental apparatus
{float}
h4. Laminar Tube Flocculator
h5. Introduction
Basically, the flocculation process is the transformation of a suspension of particles into large flocs that can be removed by sedimentation. To improve the performance of flocculators, we need to research how the design and operational parameters affect the aggregation and setting velocity of the flocs. These parameters include energy dissipation rate, hydraulic residence time, coagulant dose, influent turbidity, etc. One of the goals for the AguaClara team is to develop a sedimentation tank that will form a fluidized floc blanket, which will help clean water as it flows into the sedimentation tank from the flocculator. To develop this floc blanket the flocculator must produce flocs that fall within a particular range of settling velocity. Our apparatus (flocculation residual turbidity analyzer or FReTA) is capable of measuring both settling velocity and residual turbidity under different flocculator operating conditions. Complete description and sketches of current apparatus setup can be found [here|https://confluence.cornell.edu/display/AGUACLARA/apparatus].
The goals of the Tube Floc Team are to determine the parameters that will affect influent turbidity removal and to develop flocculation models as a guideline for flocculation design.
If you are new to the team or would like to know more about the upkeep of our experimental setup, check out the [basics|Basics on Tube Floc]. An excellent resource for information on tube flocculator is Ian Tse's M.S. thesis: [Fluid shear influences on hydraulic flocculation systems characterized using a newly developed method for quantitative analysis of flocculation performance|Laminar Tube Floc^Ian Tse MS Thesis.doc]. Detailed information on the [Process Controller] as well as descriptions of the data analysis process can be found in the appendix of this M.S. thesis.
h5. Current Research
{excerpt} \* Determine the optimal orifice size for floc break up systems with four, eight, and sixteen clamps by gradually decreasing the clamp size based on the relationships between energy dissipation rate, floc size, terminal velocity, and clamp size until the flocculator performance worsens.
* Determine optimal positioning for floc break up points by comparing the residual turbidity of an evenly distributed clamp system with clamp systems that gradually decrease the number of clamps toward one or both ends of the flocculator. As residual turbidity decreases the flocculator performance improves.
* Compare the performance of tapered tube flocculation with regular tube flocculation. Design a tapered system \-\- small tube at the beginning, medium tube in the middle, and large tube at the end (same length for each size of the tubing) using 10 mg/L PACl dose and 28 m tube flocculator length (N://files.Cornell.edu/EN/aguaclara/RESEARCH/Tube Floc/Spring 2013/Experiments/Single PACl 10 mgL.pcm/). As tube size (diameter) increases, energy dissipation rate decreases, allowing flocs to continue to grow. The larger that flocs can grow, the lower the residual turbidity will be.2. Determine optimal positioning for floc break up points by comparing the residual turbidity of an evenly distributed clamp system with clamp systems that gradually decrease the number of clamps toward one or both ends of the flocculator. As residual turbidity decreases the flocculator performance improves.
{excerpt}
h5. Challenges for Future Semesters
* Special Skills Needed:
** [CEE 4540|https://confluence.cornell.edu/display/cee4540/Home]: This course could provide a fundamental understanding about municipal drinking water treatment.
** [MathCAD|http://www.ptc.com/product/mathcad/]: We use this software to do the calculation for the research.
** [Lyx|http://www.lyx.org/Download]: This software is helpful when writing a scientific report.
h5. More Information
{color:#ff0000}*[Troubleshooting of the apparatus, Process Controller and Data Processor. |https://confluence.cornell.edu/display/AGUACLARA/Problems+and+troubleshooting]*{color}
{color:#000080}*[Experimental methods|https://confluence.cornell.edu/display/AGUACLARA/experimental+method]*{color}
{color:#000080}{*}+[Checklist|Laminar Tube Floc^CHECKLIST.xlsx]+{*}{color}
[Fall 2011 Research|https://confluence.cornell.edu/display/AGUACLARA/Fall+2011+Research]
[Fall 2010 Research|https://confluence.cornell.edu/display/AGUACLARA/Fall+2010+Tube+Floc+Research]
{section}{column}
h6. Current Members
[Yining Dai|yd67]
[Rivu Dey|rd325]
[Vicki Chou|vc256]
{column}{column}
h6. Documents
| | Challenges | Tasks | Teach-In | Presentation | Final Report |
| Fall '13 | [!Research^pdf_icon.jpg|height=25!|^Laminar Tube Floc_Fall2013Challenges.pdf] | [!Research^pdf_icon.jpg|height=25!|^Task_List_2013.pdf] | [!Research^ppt_icon.jpg|height=25!|^Symposium Presentation.pptx] | | [!Research^pdf_icon.jpg|height=25!|^Report_Laminar_Tube_Floc_Fall_2013_Final.pdf] |
| Summer 2013 | | | | | [!Research^pdf_icon.jpg|height=25!|^Final Report.pdf] |
| Spring 2013 | | [!Research^pdf_icon.jpg|height=25!|^Detailed_Task_List_Tube_Floc_Spring_2013.pdf] | [!Research^ppt_icon.jpg|height=25!|^teach-in tube floc (1).pptx] | [!Research^ppt_icon.jpg|height=25!|^final presentation.pptx] | [!Research^pdf_icon.jpg|height=25!|^Tube_Floc_Research_Final_Report_Spring_2013.pdf] [!Research^WinZip_icon.png|height=25!|^Tube Floc Research Report Final Draft.zip] |
| Fall 2012 | [!Research^pdf_icon.jpg|height=25!|^FlocculationChallengesFall12.pdf] | [!Research^pdf_icon.jpg|height=25!|^TubeFlocTaskListFall2012.pdf] | [!Research^ppt_icon.jpg|height=25!|^teach-in tube floc.pptx] | [!Research^ppt_icon.jpg|height=25!|^TubeFlocFinalPresentationFall2012.pptx] | [!Research^pdf_icon.jpg|height=25!|^Final_Report_Tube_Floc_Fall_2012.pdf] [!Research^WinZip_icon.png|height=25!|^Final_Report_Tube_Floc_Fall_2012.zip] |
{column}{column}{section}{column} | 