h5. *Tube Flocculator*
h6. Overview: Objective and Motivations
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[!whole setup.JPG|width=300!|^whole setup.JPG]
_Figure 1. Experimental apparatus_
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Water turbidity is caused by colloidal particles in suspension (and the presence of natural organic matter and other organic and inorganic contaminants). These colloidal particles are too small to settle, and due to their negatively charged surfaces, they electrostatically repel each other. Flocculation transforms these repelling colloidal particles to attract and form into flocs that are large enough to settle out in the sedimentation tank. The probability (collision potential) that particles collide in a flocculator depends on the energy dissipation rate and residence time in the flocculator. As flocs collide, they grow in size making it easier to remove them in subsequent processes. One of the goals for the AguaClara team is to develop a sedimentation tank that will form a fluidized floc blanket, which will help clean water as it flows into the sedimentation tank from the flocculator. To develop this floc blanket the flocculator must produce flocs that fall within a particular range of settling velocity. Therefore, it is important to research the parameters that affect flocculation and the resulting floc size distribution.
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[!whole setup.JPG|width=300!|^whole setup.JPG]
_Figure 1. Experimental apparatus_
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Conventional design guidelines for a hydraulic flocculator are incomplete, and the dynamics of how physical parameters affect flocculation are not well understood. The goal of the Tube Floc Team is to determine the parameters (such as optimal energy dissipation rate, hydraulic residence time, etc.) that will produce quickly settling flocs that can remove the greatest percentage of the turbidity for a variety of influent water qualities and provide better guidelines in designing a flocculation system.
If you are new to the team or would like to know more about the upkeep of our experimental setup, check out the [basics|Basics on Tube Floc]. An excellent resource for information on the FReTA setup is Ian Tse's M.S. thesis: [Fluid shear influences on hydraulic flocculation systems characterized using a newly developed method for quantitative analysis of flocculation performance|^Ian Tse MS Thesis.doc]. This thesis contains detailed information on the [Process Controller] states, rules, and set points as well as descriptions of the data analysis process.
h5. Current Research Team
[Fall 2010 Tube Floc Research|https://confluence.cornell.edu/display/AGUACLARA/Fall+2010+Tube+Floc+Research]
\-Have completed fixing apparatus
\-Ran the pressure sensor test and have made transition from constant water flow to settle state more smooth by finding the right rampdown constant.
\-In process of running experiments to find the minimum alum dose for the transition to rapid flocculation. Data Processor appropriate for this study has been completed.
h5. Past Research Teams
[Summer 2010 Tube Floc Research|https://confluence.cornell.edu/display/AGUACLARA/Summer+2010+Tube+Floc+Research]
\-During the summer, the team focused on completing the unfinished experiments left by the team of Spring 2010 which included the FReTA verification test and the study on the variation of alum dosage and flocculator length.
\-The team updated Data Processor by simplifying the overall code and reorganizing its structure. A new smoothing method was added (weighted smoothing) and bimodal fitting functions were created.
[Test Suspension for FReTA (Fall-Summer 2010)|https://confluence.cornell.edu/display/AGUACLARA/Test+Suspension+for+FReTA]
\-Series of verification experiments were run by the team to verify the accuracy of the data recorded by FReTA.
[Influence of flocculator length and alum dosage on flocculation (Fall 2009-Summer 2010)|AGUACLARA:Influence of flocculator length and alum dosage on flocculation]
\-A variation of alum dosage and flocculator length was tested to see their effects on flocculation. This study lasted from the academic years of 2009-2010.
[Fluid shear influences on flocculation|AGUACLARA:Fluid shear influences on flocculation]
\-Replication of experiment that had been conducted by a past M.S. student Ian Tse.
[Archive|AGUACLARA:Archive Tube Flocculator]
\-Past research (Spring 2008) and MEng report on FReTA submitted on Spring 2010.
[Tube Floc Presentations]
\-Past powerpoint presentations including teach-ins and the final presentation (Spring 2010 through Fall 2010). | 