Experimental Methods
Here the experimental methods consist of 4 stages programmed in the Process Controller.
In the "Raw Water Turbidity" stage, a concentrated kaolin clay suspension was added to aerated tap water (we used the university-supplied tap water for all experiments) to produce a raw water source for
treatment. The raw water turbidity was continuously sampled by means of a turbiditymeter coupled with a feed-back control loop. The raw water turbidity values were 100 NTU with a coefficient of variation of ±5%.
