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h1. Tube Flocculator
TeamGraduate membersStudent: [Ian Tse|ict2], [Gemma Kite|glk34], [Caroline Yoo|cky4] and [Wan|ww79]
h2. {toggle-cloak:id=TOC} Site Map
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* [Tube Flocculator Past Research and Experimentation|Overall Tube Floc Research and Past Report]
** [Dye Test|Dye Test]
** [Heat Test|Heat Test]
** [Clay Concentration in Desired Stock Solution|Clay Concentration in Stock Solution for Desired Influent Turbidity]
** [Effective Alum Dose|Determining an Effective Alum Dose]
** [Addition of Humic Acid|Addition of Humic Acid]
** [G vs. Gtheta|Incrementing Turbidity, G, and Gtheta]
* [Tube Floc Settling Data Analysis|Tube Floc Settling Data Analysis]
** [Meta Data|Meta Data]
** [Data Analysis on New Setup|Data Analysis on New Setup]
** [Data Fluctuation Experiment|Data Fluctuation]
* [New Setup for Spring 2008|New Setup for Spring 2008]
** [Improving Settling Column Setup|Improving Settling Column Setup]
** [Improving Flocculator Setup|Improving Flocculator Setup]
** [PIV|PIV]
** [HF Turbidimeter Changes|HF Scientific MicroTOL Turbidimeter]
* Miscellaneous
** [Process Controller Tutorial|Process Controller]
** [Troubleshooting Page|Basics on Tube Floc]
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!Laboratory Research Set-Ups^new setup.jpg|width=400,height=300!
h2. Objective and Motivations
FlocculationThe goal isof anany importantflocculation process is to water treatment. Understanding this process and the various parameters that control the mechanics behind flocculation is important in order to achieve faster, cheaper water treatment using the least amount of space. The tube flocculator team is doing specific research in the laboratory that will hopefully be applied to AguaClara technology in the near future.
For the Spring 2008 semester, the Tube Floc team will be continuing the research that was done in the Fall of 2007. We have developed semester research goals located below and a [time-table|Tube Floc Research Plan] for accomplishing our tasks this semestertransform suspended colloidal particles into flocs that can be removed by sedimentation. The design of sedimentation tanks is dictated by the settling velocity of the flocs. Floc capture requires that the fluid residence time in a sedimentation tank or in plate or tube settlers be greater than the time required for the flocs to settle out. Therefore, one design goal of flocculators is to create flocs with sufficiently high sedimentation velocities. Unfortunately, guidelines for proper design and operation of hydraulic flocculators are incomplete. The appropriate energy dissipation rate required at different points along the flocculator that will produce the best flocs is not well understood. It is expected that high energy dissipation rates will initially enhance the collision frequency of small particles creating larger floc aggregates, however high energy dissipation rates are also likely to cause break up of large flocs.
In orthokinetic flocculation, differential velocities cause flocs to collide. A percentage of these collisions result in adhesion and the further growth of flocs. It has been shown that the frequency of collisions is related to the magnitude of the energy dissipation rate present during orthokinetic flocculation. As flocs grow larger, they become more susceptible to breakup. Thus, a continuum of energy dissipation rates affects floc growth and breakup in orthokinetic flocculation. Eventually the particle size distribution can reach a pseudo-steady state during which breakup balances aggregation (Spicer & Pratsinis, 1996).
Our goal is to determine the parameters (such as optimal energy dissipation rate, hydraulic residence time, etc.) that will produce fast settling flocs that can remove the greatest percentage of the turbidity in the water.
h2. Previous Research
Our previous [research|Overall Tube Floc Research and Past Report] prior to SpringFall 20082009 includes revamping the development of FReTA and the flocculatoraccompanying setup,data conductinganalysis experimentstools that change variables such as influent turbidity, flocculator flow rate, and alum dose, and a heat and dye test are capable of capturing the settling velocity distribution and post-sedimentation residual turbidity of a flocculent suspension. FReTA was also used to explore fluid shear and hydraulic residence time influences on hydraulic flocculator performance.
h2. Spring Semester 2008 Research Goals
The team has discussed and agreed on several important goals to focus on for the Spring semester 2008:
# Analyze the data from the Fall Semester 2007 and make solid conclusions. The team will look into further analytical tools such as Excel, MatLab, and MathCAD to handle and display the data in a better, more user friendly format. The team last semester found that the current MathCAD file is hard to use, for example if the user wants to isolate one run in a series of iterated experiments or compare certain runs to each other on the same graph.
# Develop models to describe what is happening in the flocculator. The team will use this to determine what parameters are important in regulating the flocculation process.
# Literature research to compare research, to see if previous similar experiments have been conducted, or for inspiration for further experiments or data analysis.
# Find the relationship between G and Gθ. This is the ultimate goal that the team is trying to determine, it will take a combination of data analyses, modeling, and maybe more experimentation.
h2. Ongoing Research - Spring 2008
* Developing [analytical methods|Tube Floc Settling Data Analysis] for understanding flocculation/settling data from our tube flocculator apparatus
* Augmenting sampling frequency and accuracy of our nephthelometric [turbidimeters|HF Scientific MicroTOL Turbidimeter] by accessing raw voltages directly from sensor
* Reevaluating the [efficacy of tube flocculator setup|New Setup for Spring 2008] & designing methods to eliminate sedimentation within flocculator and maintaining [quiescent conditions|Improving Settling Column Setup] in the settling volume
* Determining settling velocity and floc concentration using [PIV|PIV].
* Writing tutorials on [Process Controller|Process Controller].
h2. Future Research - Beyond Spring 2008
* Using [PIV|PIV] to evaluate floc formation from previous experiments: varying alum dose and varying G in flocculator
* Once the new IR turbidimeter is up and running, re-run previous experiments from last semester and compare settling curves
* Develop Process Controller Tutorial and exercises for future team members
h2. Tube Floc Presentations
*February 20, 2008*
Our understandings on the tube floc research is summarized in the teach-in [presentation|Tube Floc^Tube_Flocculation_SP08_Teach-In.ppt].
*March 25, 2008*
Ken Brown's visit [presentation|Tube Floc^Tube Floc - Ken Brown Presentation.ppt]
*May 10, 2008*
Final presentation
h2. FAQs, Basics, and Cleaning
If you are new to the team or would like to know more about the upkeep of our experimental setup, check out the [basics|Basics on Tube Floc]. | 