Miyadai Shinji- Sociologist whose works in the late 90s focused on Japanese subcultures and their behavioral patterns. Specifically considering the Otaku and kogul ("blue sailor suit girls:"), his works tackled behaviors that were often times sensationalized and depicted by the media. Proposes that Japan's youth have lost a sense of societal community, instead developing "island universes," enclosed youth groups such as the otaku or kogul, to satisfy this need. As such, they seem to exemplify the desire to construct a replacement for the lost grand narrative. However, this is not seamless replacement. Instead, these group are defined by "depthless communication based on the symbolic exchanges and a self-image that is barely maintained within the limited information space." The fictional is used as a replacement "to artificially make up for the presuppositions of communication that have become weaker than before." This notion calls to mind the previously stated argument that otaku social interactions are not defined by confusion between fiction and reality, but rather than fiction just better meets the social needs that the weakened state of traditional society can no longer fulfill.