h1. Nonlinear Chemical Dose Controller
h2. Overview
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h5. Figure 1: Draft nonlinear chemical dose controller design.
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h3.Abstract
Accurate alum dosing is vital for plant operation as it has a great impact on flocculation and on sedimentation. The nonlinear chemical dose controller (CDC) is designed to handle turbulent flow chemical dosing used in conjunction with the newly designed [Rapid Mix Tube| Rapid Mix Tube]. In contrast, the [linear CDC| Linear Chemical Doser] requires that the chemical flow in the dosing tube is laminar.
The linear CDC uses the relationship between laminar flow and major losses in the doser tube to maintain a constant chemical dose with varying plant flow rates. However, when the flow in the dosing tube is turbulent, the linear relationship no longer exists. In this case, a nonlinear CDC, one that uses minor losses to control flow rates, can be used to maintain a constant chemical dose with the varying plant flow rates. By using an orifice to control chemical flow, the CDC will have the same nonlinear response to increasing flow as the plant flow rate which is controlled by an orifice. A [dual scale system| Orifice Sizes and the Dual Scale for the Lever Arm] on the lever arm will increase accuracy in dosing at smaller doses.
Figure 1, above, shows a conceptual design of the dosing system. A float in the entrance tank controls the height of the lever arm. The dosing orifice is located at the end of the dosing tube. As plant flow rates increase, the float rises, and the dosing orifice falls making more head available to power chemical flow. As the flow rate decreases so does the available head and the chemical flow rate slows down. The lever arm has a small clip that slides to adjust the dose, in response to changing turbidity, where the constant head tube for either scale can be attached. Since the dosing tube will be attached to the expansion orifice in the rapid mix tube to create macro- and micro-mixing.
h3. Introduction and Objectives
As the AguaClara project grows, larger plants are being designed. These larger plants have a greater flow rate and thus there is a need for the linear dose controller to be redesigned for accurate dosing for these higher flow rates. The Non-linear Dose Controller Team is working on redesigning the dose controller, including the flow controller, the doser, and the flow measurement device. We are also working on designing the rapid mix tube for large-scale and small-scale mixing.
After the new design is completed, the non-linear dose controller will be constructed. Experiments will be done to verify the accuracy of the dose controller compared to theoretical results. This new design will be presented at the EPA's P3 competition in Spring 2010 for the Phase II prize of $75,000. The design will also be implemented at the [new Agalteca plant| Agalteca] in Honduras.
"Non-Linear Chemical Dose Controller Fall 2009" [Goals| CDC Detailed Task List Fall 2009] and [Meeting Minutes| CDC Meeting Minutes Fall 2009]
h3. Theory
The nonlinear doser uses a dosing orifice (minor losses) instead of a dosing tube (major losses) to control the relationship between changing plant flow rates and chemical dose. The flow rate through the CDC is related to the available head by the equation:
{latex}$$Q_{Cdc} = K_{orifice}\sqrt {2gh_{Cdc} } $${latex}
where
* {latex}$$Q_{Cdc} $${latex} is the chemical flow rate
* {latex}$$ K_{orifice} $${latex} is the orifice coefficient
* h is the available head
The chemical dose to the plant can be determined by a simple mass balance:
{latex}$$C_p = {{C_c Q_{Cdc} } \over {Q_{Plant} }}$${latex}
where
* C ~c~ is the chemical stock concentration
* C ~p~ is the chemical dose
The water leaves the entrance tank through the [Rapid Mix Tube| Rapid Mix Tube] and the alum is dosed directly into the tube. An orifice is located in the tube to generate small-scale mixing.
The relationship between flow rate and head loss is governed by the orifice equation:
{latex}$$ Q_{Plant} = K_{orifice} \sqrt {2gh_{EtOrifice} } $${latex}
where
* {latex}$$ Q_{Plant}$${latex} is the plant flow rate
* {latex}$$ h_{EtOrifice} $${latex} is the height of water above the entrance tank orifice
The CDC uses a lever arm with a float and counterweight to relate the dosing to the changes in the entrance tank water level, which is a function of the flow rate.
to relate head above the centerline of the rectangular plant entrance orifice to head in the dosing orifice. This means that the available head for the dosing orifice is the same as the head controlling the plant flow rate. The increase in head links the chemical flow rate to the plant flow rate and the chemical dose will be constant as plant flow varies as long as the exponent of the head is the same for both the plant flow and the chemical flow.
The dosing tube must be designed to minimize major losses so that the major losses that deviate from the {latex}$$V = \sqrt {2gh}$${latex} relationship do not cause excessive errors. The deviation from {latex}$$V = \sqrt {2gh}$${latex} is especially significant when the flow through the dosing tube becomes laminar. The dosing tube must be flexible to accommodate the lever arm motion and dose adjustment. There will be two dosing tubes from the constant head tank to the level arm (one for each [scale | Float Calculation] and one tube from the lever arm to the rapid mix tube.
h3. Methods
h4. Designing the Orifice Sizes and Dual-Scale for the Lever Arm
The [dosing orifices and dual scale| Orifice Sizes and the Dual Scale for the Lever Arm] were designed to produce the difference in head loss between the maximum CDC head loss and the actual head loss in the flexible dosing tube:
{latex}$$
h_l = K_{DoseOrifice} {{V_{DoseTube}^2 } \over {2g}}
$${latex}
where
* h ~l~ the difference in head loss between the maximum CDC head loss and the actual head loss in the flexible dosing tube
* K ~DoseOrifice~ is the required minor loss coefficient through the orifice
* V ~DoseTube~ is the velocity in the dosing tube
h4. Designing the Float
A [float| Float Calculation] on the lever arm was designed to help the dosing system react to changes in water height in the entrance tank. The float size is a parameter that can be easily adjusted to calibrate the dosing system in a specific plant.
h4. Designing a Prototype Doser Frame
AutoCad was used to design a [prototype doser frame|Prototype Doser Frame]. 80/20 plug-ins were used to facilitate modeling and eventual full-scale construction of the dosing system.
h4. Designing the Rapid Mix Tube
A [rapid mix tube|Rapid Mix Tube] was designed for large-scale and small-scale mixing of alum with water before flocculation.
h4. Constructing a Small-Scale Model of the Plant
A model of the plant will be constructed using acrylic plastic for use in educational and promotional presentations.
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