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Wiki Markup*{+}Background:+* _Salmonella enterica_ subsp. _enterica_ serovar Heidelberg (antigenic formula 1,4,\[5\],12:r:1,2) is a serovar of the O:4 (B) serogroup. _S_. Heidelberg is commonly found in poultry meat in North America. In the U.S. and Canada, it has caused numerous infections in chickens. In the U.S., this serovar has caused a number of outbreaks that included the recent outbreak (October, 2013), linked to [raw chicken|http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/heidelberg-10-13/index.html]; this outbreak was caused by a multidrug resistant _S._ Heidelberg strain (resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline). _S._ Heidelberg accounts for the 8.6% of ceftriaxone-resistant _Salmonella_ isolated from humans in the U.S. Recently, a [phage typing scheme|http://jcm.asm.org/content/41/9/4279.full] was developed for serovar Heidelberg in Canada; this scheme recognizes 49 phage types.   

Animal reservoir: S. Heidelberg is mostly found in chickens and turkeys. 

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Relevant genetic characteristics: Whole genome sequences for 15 strains of S. Heidelberg have been deposited at GenBank as of October, 2013. Genomic characteristics of the sequenced S. Heidelberg include (i) a genome size ranging from 4.73 to 4.98 Mb, (ii) a mol G+C% of 52.1, and (iii) 5,578 to 5,039 predicted genes. Many of these sequenced strains have been implicated in recent outbreaks (2011 and 2012), in the U.S. Salmonella Heidelberg str. SARA33 is a multidrug resistant strain. This strain was found, in silico, to contain a novel integron cassette; in addition, it was found to carry the following resistance genes: aac(6′)-ly, aadA5, aadB, aa(6′)-33, and aadA1, sul1 and sul2, blaOXA-2 and blaTEM, tetD. Resistance genes in S. Heidelberg have been identified in the chromosome (resistant islands) and in plasmids. Different incompatibility types (A/C, FIB, HI2) have been identified in the Plasmids plasmids that carried resistance genes in S. Heidelberg.

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1. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/heidelberg-02-13/
2. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/heidelberg-10-13/index.html
3. http://jcm.asm.org/content/41/9/4279.full
4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3569330/
5. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/heidelberg-11-16/index.html