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Outbreaks: Salmonella Typhi has caused multiple outbreaks in the U.S. and Europe. In developing countries with endemic presence of typhoidal Salmonella, outbreaks are mostly undetected. On large outbreak (with 5,963 cases), was reported in Nepal. However, in developing countries, outbreaks are mostly undetected.
Year | Location | Associated source | Number of cases |
2010 | US-multistate | Frozen mamey fruit pulp | 9 |
2002 | Nepal | Drinking water | 5963 |
2000 | US-New York | Food handler | 7 |
1999 | US-Florida | Frozen mamey fruit pulp (imported) | 16 |
1998 | France | Chicken rice | 27 |
1997 | France | Pork, food handler | 26 |
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Relevant genetic characteristics: Whole genome sequences for 20 strains of S. Typhi have been deposited at GenBank as of October, 2013. Genomic characteristics of the sequenced S. Typhi include (i) a genome size ranging from 4.54 to 5.03 Mb, (ii) a mol G+C% of approx. 52, and (iii) 4,419 to 5,336 predicted genes. Plasmids and prophages have been identified in S. Typhi. For example, a resistant plasmid of 218 kb and seven prophages were detected in S. Typhi CT18. Up to 15 Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) have been detected in S. Typhi, these include SPI-1 to 7, 9, 11 to 13, and 15 to 18. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses have shown that S. Typhi (i) had a monophyletic origin approx. 50,000 years ago (ii) has suffered reductive evolution (approx. 200 genes are functionally inactive), (iii) belongs to clade A, according to den Bakker et al. (2011) classification, and (iv) has 349 gene families unique to this serovar.
Genome sequences available:
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. 404ty http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/227658/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. AG3 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/227978/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. BL196 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA190361
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. CR0044 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/547178/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. CR0063 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/547038/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. CT18 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/264458/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. E00-7866 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/227698/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. E01-6750 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/227738/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. E02-1180 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/227778/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. E98-0664 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/227818/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. E98-2068 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/227858/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. E98-3139 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/228018/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. M223 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/227938/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. P-stx-12 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/360068/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. J185 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/227898/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. ST0208 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/546878/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. Ty2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/29128/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. Ty21a http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/653508/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. UJ308A http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/546798/
- Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi str. UJ816A http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/546818/
Relevant links and references:
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