Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Hadar (antigenic formula 6,8:z10:e,n,x) is a serovar of the O:8 (C2-C3) serogroup. S. Hadar is a very common serovar in the U.S. and Europe; associated with turkey and other birds, it is commonly found in ground turkey and chicken meat. In Europe this serovar emerged in the 1971. In England, for example, before 1971 were only eight human cases reported, but by 1979 a total of 1,600 human salmonellosis human cases were confirmed to be caused by S. Hadar. Â Consequent to the S. Hadar emergence, a phage typing scheme was developed, this included 35 recognized phage types. In 2011, an outbreak associated with turkey burgers occurred in the U.S., the outbreak strain showed resistance to several antibiotics typically commonly used to treat salmonellosis (ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cephalothin, and tetracycline).
Animal reservoir: the The main reservoirs for S. Hadar are turkey flocks and turkey meat. However, chickens, ducks and swine are also source sources of this serovar. In the U.S, this serovar is the most common serovar isolated from turkey.
Geographical distribution: S. Hadar has been isolated in the U.S., where it is among the top ten serovars from non-clinical non-human sources. Serovar Hadar has also been reported in Europe where it is In Europe, serovar Hadar is the 4th most common serovar isolated from humans. In two countries of Asia (, Thailand and China) , this serovar has also been reported. In Thailand, serovar Hadar was found reported in food (chicken and duck meat). Reports of acquisition of S. Hadar in travelers returning from Africa suggest a distribution of this serovar in Africa.
Outbreaks: outbreaks Outbreaks of Salmonella Hadar have been identified in the U.S. and Europe, one large outbreak with > 2,000 cases was reported in Spain.
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