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Text that acts as a heading visually or structurally SHOULD be designated as a true heading in the markup.
Text that does not act as a heading visually or structurally SHOULD NOT be marked as a heading.
Heading text SHOULD be concise and relatively brief.
Headings SHOULD convey a clear and accurate structural outline of the sections of content of a web page.
Headings SHOULD NOT skip hierarchical levels.
The beginning of the main content SHOULD start with <h1>.
Most web pages SHOULD have only one <h1>.
Navigation
Required
- Navigation patterns that are repeated on web pages MUST be presented in the same relative order each time they appear and MUST NOT change order when navigating through the site.
- A skip link MUST be either visible at all times or visible on keyboard focus.
- The reading order MUST be logical and intuitive.
- The navigation order of focusable elements MUST be logical and intuitive.
Non-required / best practice
- A navigation list SHOULD be designated with the <nav> element or role="navigation".
- A navigation list SHOULD include a visible method of informing users which page within the navigation list is the currently active/visible page.
- A navigation list SHOULD include a method of informing blind users which page within the navigation list is the currently active/visible page.
- A keyboard-functional "skip" link SHOULD be provided to allow keyboard users to navigate directly to the main content.
- The "skip link" SHOULD be the first focusable element on the page.
- If a table of contents for the page is included, it SHOULD reflect the heading structure of the page.
- tabindex of positive values SHOULD NOT be used.
- A paginated view SHOULD include a visible method of informing users which view is the currently active/visible view.
- A paginated view SHOULD include a method of informing blind users which view is the currently active/visible view.
Links
Required
- Links MUST be visually distinguishable from surrounding text.
Color alone must not be used to distinguish links from surrounding text unless the color contrast between the link and the surrounding text is at least 3:1 and an additional differentiation is provided when the link is hovered or receives focus. - Links MUST be semantically designated as such.
- A link MUST have programmatically-discernible text, as determined by the accessible name calculation algorithm.
- Features such as labels, names, and text alternatives for content that have the same functionality across multiple web pages MUST be consistently identified.
- All focusable elements MUST have a visual focus indicator when in focus.
Non-required / best practice
- Links and buttons SHOULD be designated semantically according to their functions.
- The purpose of each link SHOULD be able to be determined from the link text alone.
- The link text SHOULD NOT repeat the role ("link").
- A link that opens in a new window or tab SHOULD indicate that it opens in a new window or tab.
- A link to a file or destination in an alternative or non-web format SHOULD indicate the file or destination type.
- Focusable elements SHOULD have enhanced visual focus indicator styles.
Lists
Required
Lists MUST be constructed using the appropriate semantic markup.
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