Bio: 
Biography
Hiya! My name is Tiffany and I'm a third-year graduate entering my fifth year as a Ph.D student in Materials Science and Engineering here at Cornell University. I grew up in Southeastern Virginia and earned my B.S. in Chemistry from the College of William and Mary in 2009. That fall, I started graduate school but within a year I found that I needed a break (as I had been busy with classes, work, and extracurricular activities nonstop since I started college) so I took a leave of absence and worked as an analytical chemist in an environmental testing lab here in Tompkins County. I performed over 15 different assays to assess water quality of samples from households, businesses, and from local streams/lakes. I found Although the job to be super was quite interesting, but after a while I found myself wanting something more again wanting to perform independent research so about a year later , I returned to Cornell and started to begin working on my current research project.
In my spare time, I enjoy gardening, hiking, and working on various art projects. I've recently taken up painting, but I find my heart lies with collage and photography. I have two cats, Cosmo (a mischievous brown tabby) and Betsy (a mustachioed calico) who like to watch videos of other cats on the internet. I also enjoy long walks on the beach, but am not much of a fan of piña coladas or getting caught in the rain.
Research summary:
Freeze-casting is a novel method that allows for the formation of 3D interconnected structures from a colloidal suspension. Essentially, the suspension is frozen at a known rate and the water is freeze-dried from the structure, leaving behind a negative replica of the ice phase that formed during freezing. This method is an incredibly straightforward way of generating complex morphologies in water-soluble materials, and so there has been much interest in applying this method to systems comprised of ceramic nanoparticles, polymers, and even biomolecules.
My work is concerned with developing methods for freeze-casting a conductive polymer called PEDOT:PSS, which creates a network of pores and increased surface area in the material. The porosity is important in applications where a liquid or gas of interest is to be introduced into the polymer pore network. Increased surface area is useful for applications where PEDOT:PSS is used as an adsorbent or as a detector of various compounds.
Recently, I have begun collaborating with Dave Moore, a former GK12 fellow, of the Hanrath group here at Cornell to make freeze-cast PEDOT:PSS films for photovoltaic devices. Thin films of freeze-cast PEDOT:PSS, when combined with a complementary semiconductor material, is a good template for bulk heterojunction solar cells – devices in which two semiconductor materials share an interface with high surface area, leading to increases in efficiency.
My work is concerned with developing high surface-area carbons with hierarchical porosity using colloidal polymer suspensions. Hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs) are of great interest in applications for energy conversion and storage due to their high surface areas, pore volumes, and ease with which species in liquid or gaseous media can move through the structure. I am particularly interested in the application of these HPCs to the production of supercapacitors, which are energy storage devices that can provide both high energy density and high power density. Simply put, an ideal supercapacitor could store a lot of charge like a battery (by having lots of surface area, since capacitance is related to the area of the electrode on which the charge is stored) but discharge and recharge quickly due to the high conductivity of the carbon structure. 
To produce these HPCs, I use a method called "freeze casting" to create a large, monolithic structure (akin to a foam) made of my carbon precursor. To do this, a suspension of polymer colloids (typically <10 nm in diameter) is blended with colloidal silica nanoparticles with diameters between 4 and 20 nm. The mixture is then poured into a mold and frozen at a known temperature. As the mixture freezes, there is a phase separation of the ice and colloid phases, where the colloid is pushed into the space between adjacent ice crystals. The solidified ice is removed from the structure through freeze-drying, which preserves the interconnected polymer structure. The pores resulting from the ice crystals are called macropores and tend to be between 1 and 100 um in diameter (the size is dependent on the freezing temperature used). Smaller pores between 2 and 50 nm in diameter, called mesopores, are formed through the etching of the silica template, and even smaller pores (less than 2 nm in diameter) are formed through "activation" of the carbon. The size of these three porous domains may be tweaked independently via changes in synthesis conditions; as a result, carbons having a large variety of pore sizes may be created.
I am also interested in using freeze-cast PEDOT:PSS in devices called supercapacitors. Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy that can be released quickly, when needed. Because PEDOT:PSS is able to undergo oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions, it is able to store electrochemical energy in this type of device. We believe that increasing the surface area of PEDOT:PSS by freeze-casting will greatly enhance device capacitance. Additionally, we are able to easily load nanoparticles made of RuO2 – a material that also has high capacitance – into PEDOT:PSS using the freeze-casting method. This will also help to increase the amount of energy that may be stored (per unit volume) in these materials.